(6)MarginalAbatementCostandEnvironmentalTaxReforminChinaChenShiyi#85#

Fromtheperspectiveofpromotingcarbonemissionsreductionandlow-carbontransition,thecarbontaxrate,whendetermined,shouldbesufficienttoinfluenceandchangeemittersøbehaviorsoastorealizetheinstitutionalvalueofthisenvironmentaltax.Anundifferentiatedcarbontaxpolicymaybeappliedintheshortterm,butinthelongrun,thecarbontaxrateshouldbegraduallyraisedandbedifferentiatedacrossindustries.Carbontaximpositionwillhaveanegativeimpactonindustrialoutputintheshortrun,buttheeffectwillbeextremelysmall.Bycontrast,thetaxwillsignificantlyreducecarbonemissions,andtherebyhelpachievethepledgedgoalofreducingChinaøsemissionsperunitofGDPby40-45%bytheyear2020.Forsomeheavychemicalindustries,thecarbontaxalonewillnotbeenoughtolowercarbonintensityandsoshouldbesupplementedwithotherenvironmentalpolicies.

(7)TheDevelopmentandReformofthePolicy-makingSysteminContemporaryChina

ZhouGuanghui#101#

Thepolicy-makingsystemisthebackboneofChinaøspoliticalsystemandacrucialfactordeterminingitsdevelopment.Thepolicy-makingsystemwiththeCPClyingatthecoreresultsfromtheCPCøslonghistoryofleadingChinaøsrevolutionandestablishingthePeopleøsRepublicofChina;thereforeithashistoricalrationality.Policy-makingwascentralizedovertheperiodfromthefoundationofthePRCtoreformandopeningup.Thiscentralizedpolicy-makingsystemhadfaultssuchasalowlevelofspecializeddivisionoflabor,lowinstitutionalization,anundueemphasisonexperiences,aclosedpolicy-makingprocessandtheabsenceofanyself-correctingandadjustmentmechanisms.ThereformofChinaøspolicy-makingsysteminthepost-reformperiodhasattachedmuchimportancetopromotingdemocratic,scientificandlaw-basedpolicy-makingwithregardtopolicy-makingstructures,modesandmechanisms.Practiceprovesthatthisreformhassuccessfullymetthechallengesarisingfromrapidsocialandeconomictransition.Viewedfromtheperspectiveofpoliticaldevelopment,itinvolvesanevolutionfrompersonaltodemocratic,fromexperience-basedtoscientific,fromcentralizedtodecentralized,fromclosedtoopen,frompassivetoactiveparticipationandfromnon-institutionalizedtoinstitutionalizedpolicy-making.Apolicy-makingmodelhasgraduallytakenshapethatischaracterizedbyCPCdomination,involvementofmultiplesubjects,scientificproof,openprocess,andlaw-basedoperation.

(8)ChinaøsPopulationAgingfromthePerspectiveofPublicPolicy

PengXizheandHuZhan#121#

Populationagingwillbecomeauniversalphenomenoninhumansociety.Itschallengedrivesmainlyfromthefailureoftheexistingsocio-economicsystemtocopewiththeagingprocess.Theinterventionofpublicpolicyisthereforeinevitable.Thispaperarguesthatinordertocomprehensivelydealwiththeagingproblem,itisnotsufficienttomerelyreadjustpopulationpolicies,policymeasuresfocusingontheagedorthepoliciesofcertaingovernmentagencies.Instead,weneedtoreconstructthecurrentpublicpolicysystemfromtheperspectiveofsocial