费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573551

2.Localandindigenouscommunitiesusinglocal-levelmappingandparticipatory-GIS

BeyondtheindistinctidealsofP-GISlikeempowermentandparticipation,thereareparticularpurposesbehindlocal-levelgeo-informationacquisition,analysis,andrepresentation.Generalcategories4aregivenbelow,togetherwithtypicalreferencesforurbanexamples.

Inarepresentative,thoughprobablyincompletesurvey,SawickiandPeterman(2002)identify67organisations(educationalinstitutions,NGOs,governmentdepartmentsandprivatecompanies)in40citiesintheUSAclaimingtohavesomeformofPPGIS.5

Inruralandnaturalresourcemanagement(NRM),P-GISisappliedfrequentlyamongstindigenouspeoplesofCanada,USA,NewZealand,andAustralia.ABritishColumbiasurveyshowed44%of109‘FirstNations’currentlyusingGIS,withanother36%interested,withthecommonestapplicationsbeing‘‘TraditionalUseStudies’’,treatyprocesses,andNRM(AMN,2002a,b).Poole(1995)foundmultipleexamplesofP-mappingorP-GISoutsidethesebigfour,onlyinBrazil,Philippines,Indonesia,Peru,Thailand,andKenya,and15othercountries.ESRI’sPPGISwebsites(ESRI,1997)listoneapplicationeachfromsixAsianorAfricancountries,comparedwithabout75casesfromNorthAmerica.

2.1.Claiming‘ourland’—demarcationofcommunityandneighbourhood,orlegalrecognitionofcustomarylandrights

DemarcationofcustomarytenureandtraditionaluseareasintheruralcontextaremostnotableinCanadaandUSA,withtheir‘FirstNations’constitutionalstatus.NewZealand,Australia,andincreasingly,thePhilippinesalsodesignateancestraldomain.Conventionally,GISisdeployedinformalisationandcommodi cationoflandandpropertyrights,althoughtherearelikelyseriousnegativeimplicationsinthisforcommonpropertyregimesandthepeopledependentonthem.Themapping/GISprocessneedstofollowproceduresknownandacceptabletolocalcommunitiesandinaccordancewithtraditionaldecision-making.Concomitantly,thespatial(map)productsmustsatisfytheformal,legallandtenurerequirementsforaccuracy,reliability,andlegitimacy.

Intheurbancontext,‘claimingourland’isunlikelytobeinlegalrightsterms,butasocio-cultural,munities,oratleasttheirconcerned,motivated,andcapacitatedmembers,demarcateandde netheboundariesandcontentsoftheplacethattheylivein(e.g.Elwood,2002;Craig&Elwood,1998).This‘community/neighbourhoodmapping’mayinclude‘historicalmapping’.Themappingprocessesmayremainveryconceptualandabstractasbe tsmappingpeople’sperceptionsandfeelings,buttheycanbemoresystematic,forinstancebymaintainingapublicrecordGIS(e.g.Casey&Pederson,2000;Craig,Harris,&Weiner,2002).‘Claimingtheneighbourhood’isusuallytheprecursortoparticipatorycommunityplanning(seeSection2.2).

CategoriesarebasedonWeineretal’s(2002)overviewofurbanapplications;andPoole’s(1995)seminalreviewofISKmappinginruralandNRMmappingcontexts.5ThedistinctionbetweenP-GISasthetool,andPPGIS(publicparticipationGIS),astheplanningcontext,isnotalwaysstraightforward.Thispaperusesboth.4