费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573553

ApplicationsfromPPGISpracticeandresearchinclude:mapping‘‘environmentalracism’’,i.e.thespatialcorrelationbetweenenvironmentaldegradationandthedistributionofethnicorsocio-economicgroupsinurbanareas(e.g.Aitken,2002;Kellogg,1999);socialequitymapping,i.e.theidenti cationofsocio-economicgroupsthatarerelativelydisadvantagedbyeconomicclass,employmentstatus,ethnicity,language,caste,gender,age,or,bylocation;analysingdifferentialmobilityandpeople’saccesstoservicesaccordingtosocialcategories;asigni cantcomponentofthisitemisthegendereddifferencesinmobilityandaccess(e.g.Hall,1997;Kwan,2000);empoweringmarginalisedgroupsthroughsupplyingthemwithappropriategeo-information(e.g.Sawicki&Burke,2002;Poole,1995);andutilisingGIStopromotetransparencyindecision-making(e.g.Drew,2002).

Mappingsocialequitystatusfrequentlydoesnotendsimplywithparticipatorymaps,butapplyingthemindevelopmentactionplans(e.g.Carveretal.,1999;Talen,1999;Howard,1999).AninnovativeexampleinPSPwasinKerala,wherePanchayatgroupsevaluatedhumanandnaturalresourcesandthus,localdevelopmentpotentials(Chattopadhyayetal.,1996).

2.5.‘Buildingcommunity’—promotingcommunityawareness,institutionalstrengthening;empowermentP-GISisappliedtodevelopingcommunityawarenessoflocalsituations,andtostrengtheningcommunityinstitutionsasanelementinpromotingpeople’sempowerment.Inspeci ccases,itisoftendif culttodistinguishbetweenthese,the‘empowerment’isusuallythoughnotalwaystheultimateintentionbehindtheawareness-raisingorinstitution-building.

AswithotherP-GISapplications,therearemorecasesinruraldevelopment,thaninurbansituations.Therearenumerousexamplesofeliciting,structuringandguardingITKandISKinlocalNRM(e.g.Poole,1995);acomponentofwhichisP-mappingofcultural–socialspatialresourcesofindigenouspeoples,suchassacredlands,burialgrounds,andancestraltenure(e.g.Harmsworth,1997).

Intheurban eld,publicGISismaintainedtobuildcommunityfeeling(e.g.Casey&Pederson,2000;Craigetal.,2002);topromotetransparencyindecision-making(e.g.Drew,2002);ortoempowermarginalisedgroups(Sawicki&Burke,2002).

Web-based,interactive,‘electronictownhall’developmentstowards‘‘digitaldemocracy’’arereviewedbyKingston(2002)fortheUK,andVenturaetal.(2002)forUSA.Awell-developedcaseis‘‘VirtualSlaithwaite’’fromPFR6(Kingston,Carver,Evans,&Turton,2000;Carveretal.,1999;Carver,2001).

2.5.1.Geo-informationtoolsused

Geo-informationacquisitionandanalysistoolsusedinPSPandP-GISrangefromtraditionalmappingtoolsofparticipatorysketchmapsandephemeralmapsinanRRAorPRAsetting,to3-dimensional(3-D)models7andairphotointerpretation(small-formatobliqueorvertical),tosatelliteimagesandGIS.

‘PlanningforReal’sexerciseinSlaithwaitevillage,WestYorkshire.7Thepopularityof3-Dphysicalhardwaremodelsraisesquestionsastowhetheritisthetactilemanipulabilityofthedevicethathasaspecialdepthofmeaning?e.g.theparticipatory3-Dmodels(P3-DM)ofRambaldiandCallosa-Tarr(2000),orthePFRwhichuseda1:10003-DscalemodelofSlaithwaite.6