费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573559

fromthe‘embodiedknowledge’ofknownandtrustedsubordinates,ratherthanfromanimpersonal,passivedatabase.Ofcoursesuchinformationisbiased,butthedecision-makercanadjustmoreeasilyforthatthanforthebuilt-inbiasesofageo-database.Theunderlyinggovernanceissuesherearerespectforcitizens,andlegitimacy.

WhenGITisinvolved,theoutputmaybefast,buttheinputscertainlyarenot.Acquiring,checking,andinputtingthespatialdataintheGISprocessisverytimeconsuming,andcommonlydivertstimeawayfrom eldactivities,defeatingtheoriginalpurposeoftheproject.Similarly,a‘limitingfactor’inaPSPprocessissimplythe‘‘restrictedtime’’ofthekeyinformants.Fromagoodgovernancepositiontherefore,competenceandef ciencyarecompromised.

ThetechnologyofOn-lineParticipationextendsthescopefordecision-makingandpolicysupport.AlthoughitisnotyetwidespreadeveninNorthcountries,itisbeingdevelopedforexampleinBengalandKarnatakainIndia,andinBrazil(Goetz&Gaventa,2001).

Somestrengthsofon-lineparticipationarethatspatialaccessibilityandgeographicallocationarenotconstraints,thereisuniversalaccessviatheinternet,andwith24/7therearenotimebarriers.Anonymitycancutdownculturalandpsychologicalbarriersofgender,status,ethnicity,age,andshyness(cf.Carver,2001).Theweaknesseshowevermustalsobeclearlyrecognised.Thereisaccessonlywherepeoplecanuseinternet,andbecause,asrecognisedindiffusion-of-innovationresearch,thisisnotface-to-face,itislikelytoleadto‘awareness’ratherthan‘conviction’.

4.4.Indigenousknowledgeandscienti cknowledge

ParticipatoryapproachestoplanningmustinvolvetheelicitationandapplicationofITK.ITKisembodiedknowledgetobeseenasalocalresourcethatbelongstoruralandurbanpeoplebothasindividualsandcommunities.Itshouldnotbedenigratedonlyasprimitive,unassimilated,andoutsideofthemarket.ITKisakeytoPSP(McCall,1988,1995),becauseitmaybetheonlyresourcethatthepoorestgroupscontrolwhilsttheirland,property,resources,orlabourarerapidlyappropriated;itisaresourceneedinglittleinvestmentforrealisation;itre ectsthecapabilityandcompetenceofthelocalcommunityandcanputthemonanequivalentfootingwithoutsiders;and,becauselocalknowledgeisoperational.

Onede nition,ofmany,cansummariseI(T)Kandthesigni canceforISKandGIapplications:‘‘IKistheinformationbaseforasociety,whichfacilitatescommunicationanddecision-making.Indigenousinformationsystemsaredynamic,andarecontinuallyin uencedbyinternalcreativityandexperimentationaswellasbycontactwithexternalsystems’’(Flavieretal.,1995,p.479).

LocalITKmaybedistinguishedfromscienti cknowledgebecause:

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*itsderivationfromcloseandlongrelationshipsbetweenpeopleandaspeci clandareagiveITKits‘localness’,orlocalfocus;ownershipbythelocalcommunityintegratesITKwithsocialpriorities,eventhoughownershipisnothomogeneous;andclassi cationsinITKarelikelytobebasedonthefunctionalityoftheobjects,and/orthepurposivenessoftheactors;duetothis,ITKdependsmoreonholistic,combinatorialexplanationsthanonreductionism.