费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

560M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

Nevertheless,localITKhasmoreelementsthatitholdsincommonwithscienti cknowledge:*

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*Dynamism—theinterestandabilitytoincorporatenewknowledgefromother(outside)sources,notwithstandingtheymaycontradictheldbeliefs;Taxonomiesasthebuildingblocksofexplanations;Identi cationofspeci cconditionsunderwhichgeneral‘laws’willhold;andKnowledgeisunevenlydistributedwithinacommunityofexperts.

4.5.Indigenousspatialknowledge

MuchofITKhasspatialconnotations.Considerforinstancethelocationsofindigenousresourcesandlocalresourcemanagementactivities,environmentalhazards,ecosystemsrelation-ships,spatialcorrelationsbetweenlocalgroupsandresourceunits.ThistypeoflocalknowledgecanbetermedISK.ISK‘‘describeshomeandactionspace,isinnateandsustainedknowledgeabouttheland,identi esissuesofimmediatesigni cance,andencodestheinformationabouttheenvironmentinalanguagearegions’inhabitantsunderstand’’(Duerden&Kuhn,1996).

Butbeyondtheseeasilyidenti able,materialitemswithinISK,thereisamoreslipperyconceptofspiritualormysticalknowledgeassociatedwithspace,andparticularlywithspeci careasofland(orcertainlandresources).

Therearepropositionsaboutbasicspatialcognition,or‘‘na. vegeography’’,11thatmaybevalidasgeneralisationsaboutISK,andthereforerelevanttoapplyingGIT.Thesepropositionsinclude:*

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*Realspaceis‘‘tightlycoupled’’withtimeinpeople’sconceptualisations.UrbanlandscapeperceptionexamplesgobackatleasttotheworkofKevinLynch;whilstEgenhoferandMark(1995)nameoldEuropeanlandunitsinwhichfarmingareasarerelatedtotimerequirements.Reasoningaboutgeographicspacedealswithincompleteinformation,i.e.peoplehavetointerpolatemuchmissinginformationusing‘commonsense’rules.Multiplelevelsofdetailcorrespondtodifferentconceptualisationsofspace;somecognitivespacesarecontinuous,andsomediscrete.Boundariesarenotnecessarilydiscreteentities,andnotnecessarilyseenbyneighboursassymmetric;considertheboundariesinnaturalresourcecon icts,orintheperceptionsofurban‘neighbourhoods’.Distancesaremorelikelythannotasymmetric,dependingonthemeansofovercoming‘frictionofdistance’ormovementhindrances.‘‘Community’’Mapsaredistortedwhentheyareonlysimplisticagglomerationsofindividualmentalmaps.Grouprepresentationsofspaceareneeded,usingPRAmethods.

Landhasstrongspiritualandculturalvaluesformanypeoples,especiallyforindigenouspeoplesverylongsettledinauniquelocation.Foroneexample,ofMaorivaluesinNewZealand,Harmsworth(1997)putsitthatlandunitshavespeci ccharacteristicsoftapu(respect[forresources]),mana(authority),andmauri(lifeforce,lifeenergy).Therefore,‘land’cannotbesimplyde nedasaneconomiccommodity,andplacedinnarrowcategoriesof‘highvalue’,‘marginal’,or‘wastelands’.

‘‘Na. vegeographyisthebodyofknowledgethatpeoplehaveaboutthesurroundinggeographicworld’’(Egenhofer&Mark,1995).11