费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

550M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

hoodsorancestraldomains,analysingandamelioratinglandandresourcecon icts,participatorylanduseplanning,awareness-raising,andeffortstobuildpeople’sempowerment.1Thegeo-informationtoolsusedintheseapplicationsincludecollaborativespatialdatacollectionusingRRA/PRAmethods,2participatorymaps,aerialphotosandremotesensingimages;andP-GISanalysesandrepresentations.

Thereisanimplicit,sometimesexplicit,assumptionthatusingGISatthislocallevelisbothef cientandeffective,inthatitisbelievedtosimultaneouslydealwiththeplanningcontent,answerthequestionsaskedofthegeo-information,andalsoaddressandsatisfythelocalstakeholders’underlyinginterests.P-GISisexpectedtobeimplementedinaparticipativemannerandmakeuseoflocalinformation,withinwhichindigenousspatialknowledge(ISK)isaspecialcategory.Assuchthereisanoften-madeassumptionthatthisuseofGISisatoolforbettergovernance.

Thispaperraisesquestionsforinvestigatingthevalidityoftheseassumptions.

*CanthegoalsofgoodgovernancebemetinsuchapplicationsofGIS?—withthegovernancecriteriaofaccountability,legitimacy,respectforrights,equity,andcompetence?

Toanswerthis,needssupplementaryquestions:

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*Whatdegreesof‘participation’arefoundinparticipatorymapping(P-mapping)andP-GIS?WhatmotivationsliebehindthepromotionofP-GIS?Islocalknowledge/ISKappliedtobettergovernance?WhohasaccesstoISK?Doaccessanduserespectculturalrightsandentitlements?Ultimately,whoistheowner?Doesownershipofthespatialinformationoutput(andinputdata)accordadvantagestotheowner,beyondtheboundariesofgoodgovernance?WhatdifferencedoesGIT(GIStechnology)maketothedistributionofpower?

ThepaperbeginsinSection2withaninventoryoflocal-levelGISapplications.3Section3discussesthecriteriabehind‘goodgovernance’andsomespatialaspectsofgovernancemeasures.Section4looksatthedif cultiesfacedbyP-GISinpractice,includingthecharacterofindigenousandgenderedspatialknowledge.Section5questionsownershipandaccessibilityofthisknowledge,particularlyinthecontextofgoodgovernance.Section6considersstrengthsandweaknessesofP-GIS—operationalissuesandwhetherGIScan‘represent’ISK.Section7drawssomeconclusionsaboutthepotentialandpromiseofnewGITforP-GIS,temperedbytherealitiesofpowerandothergovernancedimensions.ThewayinwhichP-GISisactuallyusedwillalwaysre ectthepowersituation.

Amajordriverinrecordingandanalysingurban/communityPSPhasbeentheVareniusinitiativeoftheNationalCenterforGeographicInformationandAnalysis(NCGIA).Vareniusstudieswereconcernedwithissuesinpower,control,andaccessingeo-information,mainlyintheUSA,includingtheimpactsofunequalaccesstoGIStechnologyanddata,thefeasibilityofrepresentinga‘communityknowledgebase’withinGIS,thepotentialdistortionoflocalknowledgebytheGIformat,andultimatelywhetherP-GIScanactuallyleadtoempowermentindecision-making(cf.http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/ncgia.html;Craigetal.,2002).2RRAreferstorapidruralappraisal,whilePRAisparticipatoryruralappraisal.3ForreviewsandreferencesinP-GISemployment—forurbancommunityplanningandmanagement,seeCraigetal.(2002);and,forlocal-levelruraldevelopmentandNRM,seeMcCall(2002)andKing(2002).1