费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

566M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

reductionist,weltanschauungofindigenous/localpeoples.ThethematiclayerseasilycreatedinGISmappingcanre yeringhasasynergisticresultinthatthecombinationsofthemedspatialinformation,fromdifferentsocialperspectivesandsources,andbothquantitativeandqualitative,createawholegreaterthanthesumofitsparts.Thus,layeringhasafundamentalrelationshipwithrespectforrights,andtosomeextentwithequitycategories.Moreover,layeringisanywayusedtoimprovecompetence/ef ciencyofdeliveryeveninconventionalplanningapproaches.

Multimediaandinteractiveweb-basedmapping/GIScanshowmultipleviewsandvoices,layersofinformation,andlayersoftime.TypicalspatialandtemporalconstraintsofstandardmaporGISrepresentationareremovedbyusingmultimediaorawebpresentation(e.g.Weiner&Harris,2002inSouthAfrica;Kingstonetal.,2000inUK;Shiffer,1998inUSA).Theeasyabilitytoclickonamapto ndamagni cation,oraphotoorsketch,orwritteninformation,helpseventheinexperiencedusertoovercomemap-readingproblems(Kingstonetal.,2000).

6.5.Operationalissues—can‘civilians’workwith(P-)GIS?

PositiveexperienceswithP-GISshowthatanaf nity—‘feelingcomfortableworkingwithgeo-spatialinformation’—isnotdif culttostimulate.Forinstance,techno-professionalshaveappreciatedforadecadethatuntrainedpeople,withlocalISK,canworkeffectively,easilyandhappilyinterpretingaerialphotos(e.g.Groten,1997;Jordan&Shrestha,1998).WorkingwithGISsoftwareandhardwareisnotonlyfeasible,butwiththeappropriateapproach—culturallyaswellastechnically—itisveryeffective.AlthoughmostpackagedGIStrainingorcapacity-buildingisgearedtocomputerliterates,therearealternatives,asshownbytheexperiencesofAMNandESRI,andbytheexperiencesboth,oflong-runintensivetraining(e.g.Gonzalez,2000;Weiner&Harris,2002;Sawicki&Burke,2002),or,ofmorerapidPRAexercises.

WherethereareconstraintsagainstlocalpeopleororganisationsworkingwithGIS,theyareduetoexclusion—whethereconomic,social,and/orpolitical,andnotbecauseoftechnicalincapacity(e.g.Obermeyer,1994;Johnson,1997).Ontheotherhandarethescepticswhoconsiderthatthepublicshouldknowtheirlimitations(e.g.Casey&Pederson,2000;maybeCarver,2001).GISistoo‘complexabeast’liabletodistortionofitsresults,andamateurapplicationsofGISareatleastpronetoridicule,atworst,dangerous.

LossofskilledstafffromP-GISunitsisarelatedissue(Casey&Pederson,2000;vanderVegt,2001).ToavoidfastturnoveroftrainedGISstafftomorelucrativejobs,apre-conditionisastronglocalorganisation.

7.Conclusions—(spatial)information,power,andparticipationinspatialplanning

7.1.Indigenousspatialknowledgeanditsownership

MuchISKinagricultureandNRMisequivalenttoscienti cknowledge,inmanyrespectsbetter,becauseitembodiesdecadesorgenerationsofspeci cpracticalknowledgewhichisinteractiveandholistic,thusincorporatingreallinkages.ItishardertoarguesimilarlyforITK/ISKinurbansettings,thoughconsiderourfamiliaracceptance,andtheimpactof,