费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

556M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

3.3.Empowerment

Thetechnologyshouldbegivingvoicetolocalpeople,totheextentofputtinglocalpeopleonamoreequalfootingwithexternalexpertsanddecision-makers,suchasclaimedforP-GISusedinlandreforminSouthAfrica.AGItoolismoreempoweringwhenithastheassetofbeingconvincingtoexternaldecision-makers,whichstrengthensthevalidityofthetoolperseanditsoutputs,acrossboththegoverningandthegovernedgroups.Furthermore,aneffectivevisualisationoftheoutputsrendersthemmore‘attractive’forinsidersandoutsidersandraisesthetransparencyofthetool.

GITcanopenthehorizonsoflocalusers.Somearguethatthisenlargementofperspectiveisanaspectof‘modernisation’withnegativeconsequencesforthecommunity,thoughotherscredititformainstreamingandempoweringlocalpeoples.Nevertheless,a‘respectful’GItoolwouldnotunrealisticallyraiseempowermentexpectationsoflocalcommunities—the‘governed’—byprofferingapretentioustechnologythatpromisesmorethanitcandeliver.

3.4.Equity,betweengoverningandgoverned,andwithinthegoverned

DoGItoolssupport,ordetractfrom,equitygoalsofgoodgovernanceintermsofthedistributionof,accessto,andtake-upratesofpublicandprivateservicesfordisadvantagedgroups,orintermsofaccesstomarkets,laws,andpropertyrights?DoGItoolssupportspatialequitybystrengtheningobjectivesofdevolutionordecentralisation,andfollowingthesubsidiarityprinciple?DotheGItoolsre ecttherealityoflocal-levelPSPas‘multi-actor,multi-objective,multi-sector,multi-scale,dynamicplanninganddecisionsituations’dealingwithcompetitionandcon icts?

Inresource-poorandlowbudgetareas,planningandmanagementarelikelytobeproblem-drivenandre-active,ratherthanpro-active.Inthesesameconditions,thereisanabsolutescarcityofresourcestobesharedandoverallpovertyisthenorm.Insuchcases,investingtimeandeffortinP-mappingandGISareprobablyluxuriesbeyondsensiblebehaviour.

CantheGItoolmapequity?InKiepersol,SouthAfrica,theworkofHarrisandWeineron‘regionalpoliticalecology’aimsatrepresentinglocalconceptualisationsofenvironmentalandhealthrisksandspatialinequalities,especiallypost-apartheidaccesstoland,with‘integrated’equitymapping(Harris,Weiner,Warner,&Levin,1995;Weiner&Harris,2002).Similarequityobjectiveslaybehindthe‘mappingforlocaldevelopment’programmeinKerala’ssocialistruralcommunityplanning(Chattopadhyayetal.,1996).

AnimportantequityconsiderationinassessingGISapproachesforPSPistheirpracticalmanageabilityatlocallevelbylocalpeople.Thisalsocoversthe‘sustainability’ofthetoolsandapproaches,i.e.whethertheycontinuetofunctionaftersuchaGITprojectterminates.‘Manageability’coversarangeoffactors:

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*Feasibility—whetherthetoolisadaptedtolocaloperatingconditions,includingculturalandsocial,aswellastechnicalandclimatic;Appropriatenessofthespatialscaleofinputdataandoutputsforthelocalusers;Breadthof(community)participationintheenterprise,notjustusing‘‘keyinformants’’whoarelikelytobeeducated,adult,senior,Anglophone,males;