费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573561

TheISKoflandresourcesthereforeincorporatescustomarylawsandancestor-directedobjectivesinspatialdecision-makingprocesses.‘Naming’ofsacredplacesandsymbologyinspatialrepresentationsareelementsofthis.Suchvaluesareidenti ableintheconceptsofprobablyallpeopleswhoretainaspiritualfeelingforland(e.g.Bartolo&Hill,2001,forAustralia;andtheAMNwebsiteforNorthAmerica,).Inthemodernurbancontext,somePPGISpractitionersareemphasisingsimilarlya‘senseofurbanplace’asaformofISK(cf.Casey&Pederson,2000;Carver,2001).

4.6.Genderedspatialknowledge

Genderedspacereferstoseveraldimensions:specialisedgenderedknowledgeofdistributionsinspace,thedifferentialaccesstoandownershipofresourceswiththeirnestedscales,andculturallandscapes/townscapesassociatedwithlifeexperiencesofmenandwomen.

ThegendercomponentofISKisofteninvisible.Muchliterally,cannotbeseen—inNRMforexample,women’suseofforestresourcesislikelytobethecollectionoffoodsormedicinesundertheclosedcanopyandforestgardening,ratherthanlarge-scalelumberingoragriculturalclearing,usuallydonebymen.Satelliteimageryisnotsensitiveenoughtoshowthevitalelementsofwomen’sspecialisedagricultureandnaturalresourceuse.‘‘Theymay,infact,belimitedtoparticularresources,orevenparticularproductsy,certainlymuchsmallerthanasinglepixelinmostlanduseorpropertyimagesy’’(Rocheleauetal.,1995,p.64).Thus,women’slandsareoftendenigratedas‘unusedwastelands’,andtheproductstheymakearenotrecognisedashavingeconomicorevenlivelihoodvalue.Moreover,thegenderaspectisnotrecognised—becausecensussurveydatadonotshowtherichnessofwomen’sreallives(normuchofmen’s),becauseofthefocusonmonetisedactivities,andtherestrictiveassumptionsmadeabouttherolesandcapacities,andthusthespatialactivitypatterns,ofwomen.The‘nomarketvalue’designationisoftenelidedintolabelsof‘primitive’or‘worth-less’activities(cf.Scott,1995).

Nationalemploymentorlabourforceparticipationdatatendtoignorethelabourfor‘reproductionofthehousehold’—careofchildrenandelderly,orhousework,andaresultofthisis‘misogynistic’distortionsofeconomicspace.Itfollowsthatthemappedversionsorotherspatialdatabasesareunabletoshowgenderdistinctions.Genderdifferencesinlevelsofmobilityareseenintherestrictions,andthusinthe‘‘invisibility’’,ofthelargeproportionofhouse-boundandnon-carowningwomenintheUS(Hall,1997).Additionally,therearethe‘real’andperceivedspatialrestrictionsduetopersonalsafety,security,orharassmentlocations.Kwan(2000)expectsthatGIStoolswillhelpplannerstoidentifyandunderstandurbanwomen’sconstrictedspacesand‘ xityconstraints’.

5.Ownershipandaccessibilityinindigenousspatialknowledge

5.1.Ownershipofindigenous(spatial)information

TheownershipofISKmaybefollowingthepathofconventionalgeo-spatialinformationresources,wherethetrendistowardsmarketrules,evenfor‘‘patrimonial’’informationin