费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

552M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

2.2.Managementoftraditionallyheldterritoryandlandsystems

P-mappingandP-GIShavebeenappliedtorecordingandanalysingthewholegamutofindigenousNRMbasedonpeople’sindigenoustechnicalknowledge(ITK),fromsimplyexploitingaresourceoreco-unit,throughmaintainingaresourceovertime,tothecomplexlevelofmanagingtheecosystemnurturingtheresource.Poole(1995)providesnumerouslocalexamples,whilsttherearesystematicapproacheslike‘TraditionalUseStudies’,and‘BioregionalMapping’inCanada(e.g.Aberley,1993),and‘LandLiteracy’(environmentalappraisal)inKerala(e.g.Chattopadhyayetal.,1996).Mappinglocalknowledgeofhazardsisaparticularfocus(e.g.Drew,2002;Bitter&Marti,1998).

Thelocal,participatorymanagementofurbanneighbourhoodsusuallyfollowsonfrom‘claimingtheterritory’,andhastobemadecompatiblewithnationalorlocalauthorityregulationsonadministering,managingandplanningurbanterritory.PPGISappliedtoparticipatoryCommunity/NeighbourhoodPlanninghasbeenexaminedby,amongmanyothers,Howard(1999),Carver,Evans,Kingston,andTurton(1999),Leitner,McMaster,Elwood,McMaster,andSheppard(2002),andTalen(1999).Speci cattentionhasbeengiventoapplicationssuchashousingissues(e.g.Elwood,2002)orneighbourhoodrevitalisation(e.g.Craig&Elwood,1998).SpatialdatabasesalongwiththeP-mappingareusedtomaintainapublicrecordsGISorcommunitylandinformationsystems(e.g.Ventura,Niemann,Sutphin,&Chenoweth,2002).

Participatorydecision-makinginneighbourhoodmanagementsupposedlyisfurtheredbyinteractive,real-time,web-basedparticipationinapproachessuchasthe‘electronictownhall’(seeSection2.5).

2.3.Managingcompetitionandcon icts

InemployingP-GISinhandlingspatialcompetitionandcon icts,themapoutputsfromterritorialclaimsandlocal-levelmanagementareappliedinspatialcon ictanalysisandmanagement.Theoutputsareappliedtodelineatingboundaries(notnecessarilycleanlines)betweencompetinggroups,or,initiatingnegotiationeffortsbetweencompetinggroupsthoughmutuallyacceptable‘mapping’ofactualordormantspatialcon icts(competition)overresources,or,reducingcon ictsbymediationornegotiationbyusingGIS,ultimatelyareal-time,interactiveP-GIS.

P-GIScontributionstoparticipatory,communitycon ictmanagementarefoundin,forexample,locationchoiceforautilitytransmissionline(Towers,1997);spatialhousingchoice(Elwood,2002);assessingimpactsoftraf c owsandaccessibility(Schulte,1999);andenvironmentalmappingofhazardousareasandhazardousmaterials(Drew,2002).

2.4.Mappingequityandinequalities

P-GIShasdemonstratedstrongpotentialasatoolforanalysingandmappingindicatorsof‘poverty’,‘exclusion’,or‘discrimination’withinruralandurbancommunities.Thedisadvantagedgroupsofsocietycanbemappedasdistinctspatialsites,oraszonesofde ciency.