费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

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*M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573PSPas‘InitiatingActions’meansthatindependentinitiativesaremadeand‘owned’byempoweredlocalpeople,e.g.peopleself-mobilisetoperformcommunityactivities;adifferentsituationfromsimplyimplementationwiththeirownlabourinputs.

Therearecriticaldifferencesintheunderlyingpurposesorintentionsoftheparties(externalorinternal)whichare‘pushing’PSPasastrategyand/orpromotingP-GIS(McCall,1988):*

*

*Facilitation—‘PSPispromoted’inordertoeaseoutsideinterventionsandinterests,toimproveexternalprojectef ciency,ortopassashareofthecostburdenontothe‘‘bene ciaries’’.Mediation—PSPispromotedtolink(mediate)outsidedemandsandlocalpeople’sprioritiesinordertoincreaseprogrammeeffectiveness,tobuilduplocalcommunitycapacity,ortomodifyoutsideinterventionstowardslocalaspirationsandneeds.Empowerment—PSPispromotedtoreinforcelocaldecision-makingandresponsibilitiestowardscommunityempowerment,tosupportequitablesocialredistribution,andtoempowerweakgroupsinresourceaccessandcontrol.

Therearesigni cantobstaclestoputtingthe‘empowerment’intentionintopractice.Frequentlythereishigh-levelexternalpoliticalresistanceto‘allowing’localempowermentordevolution,localelitesdonotgiveuptheirpowereasily,andtherearedegreesofapathyorfatalismamongthecommunitybasedontheirhistoricalexperiences(cf.Carver,2001).

munitiesarenothomogeneous

Therearecriticaldivisionsincommunitiesrelatedtogender,age,economicclass,socio-culturalstatus,tribeandcaste,life-style,etc.,whichleadtoanextensiverangeofneeds,opinions,andinterestsbetweentypesofactors.Highlysigni cantistheunequaldistributionofaccesstopowerfortheultra-poor,elderly,children,handicapped,inarticulate,minorities—e.g.ethnicgroups,castes,nomads.Womenespeciallyarefrequentlyexcludedfromstructuraldecision-making.Therefore,theessentialquestionstoaskofthedegreeof‘participation’inPSPorP-GISare:*

*

*Whoisparticipating?Whohandlesdataanddecisions?Whocontrolstheprocess?Whousestheoutputs?WhohasaccessibilitytoGIStoolsandtechniques?Isthere‘openaccesstothedevice’?Whohasaccessibilitytotheoutputs?HowdotheGItoolsbehaveintermsoftheintensities,andthepurposes,of‘participation’?

4.3.Costef ciencyinparticipatoryapproaches

Thepropertiesofinformationsupplyimportanttoadecision-makerincludespeedandsimplicity.Participatoryapproachesareseriouslytimeconsumingandoftencostly,allparticipatorydatacollectionmethodshaveahugeappetitefortimeandpatience,and,solutions(anysolution)areneededtoourgently.

Elicitinglocal(con dential)knowledgefromkeyinformantsmeans rstly,trust,builtonlengthydiscussions.Forthisreason,thetypicalseniordecision-makerwillacquireinformation