费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

554M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

Theanalyticaltoolsappliedaremainlyfromparticipatory,interactive,communicationanddecisiontoolsincollaborativeplanning—publicmeetings,Delphimodels,gamingsimulations,orscenarioassessment.Theyare,however,increasinglybeingusedindistance-settingsviaemailandinternet.

Representationsaremadefromthemaps,images,3-DmodelsandGISoutputsworkingwithnewvisualisationsoftware.AfocusedtoolwhichshouldbeemployedinPSPis‘countermaps’—mapsexplicitlydisplayingtheneedsandrequirementsofgroupswhoareusuallyexcludedfromscienti csurveysbecausetheyaresociallyandinstitutionallymarginalised.Rocheleau,Thomas-Slayter,andEdmunds(1995),forexample,contrastedgenderedcountermapsofresourcemanagementconstructedbyandwithruralwomen,with‘conventional’planners’mapsmadebymen.

ThemodalitiesfordeliveryofP-GIStorelevanturbanpublicstakeholdershavebeenclassi edbyLeitneretal.(2002)ascommunity-basedin-houseGISorNGO-basedGIScentres;university/researchinstitute–communitypartnerships;publiclyaccessibleGISininstitutions;maprooms;uallyprojectsandcommunitiesuseamixofthese.InruralandNRMP-GISapplications,thelinkagesareprimarilythroughcitizens’groups,traditionalleadershiporcustomarylawauthorities,NGOs,andCBOs(community-basedorganisations),withlimitedinputasyetfrominstitutionsandprofessionals(e.g.Poole,1995;Gonzalez,2000;Rambaldi&Callosa-Tarr,2000).

3.‘‘GoodGISforgoodgovernance’’—dimensionsandcriteriaofgoodgovernance

Goodgovernanceisnotjustaboutaccountabilityalthoughaccountabilityprovidesthegeneralcontext.8Accountabilitycanbeexpressedintermsofthetransparencyandvisibilityofgovernmentdecisionsandpolicies,accountabilitymechanisms,andresponsivenesstolowerlevels—communityinvolvementbeingameanstogenerateaccountability.

Accountability(opengovernment)isnottheendinitself,itisameansofsupportinghigher-levelsocial–politicalgoalsof:

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*Legitimacy,Participation;RespectforRights,Empowerment;Equity(notsimply,equality);andCompetence(includingef ciency).

3.1.Legitimacy(ofthegoverningoverthegoverned)

DoGI(geo-information)toolssupportordetractfromgoodgovernanceinPSP,intermsoftherepresentativenessofregional,ethnic,class,religious,age,orgenderinterestsofthe‘governed’?Governancedimensionsaredevelopedfromamongothers,GoetzandGaventa(2001),vanKersbergenandvanWaarden(2001),Riggs(2000),andUNDP(1997)whichde nesabout15corecharacteristicsofgoodgovernance,including:participation;ruleoflaw;transparency;equity;effectivenessandef ciency;accountability;strategicvision;legitimacy;ecologicalsoundness;empowering;partnership;and,spatiallygroundedincommunities.8