费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573555

‘Ownership’bythegoverned,and‘participation’ofthegoverned,arecentralelementsoflegitimacyingovernanceterms.Ownershipasatotalityimpliesowningthekeysourcesofinformation,plustheprocessesofmakingtheproduct,plusthe nalproducts.Allocatingownershipisanelementofbuildingtrustbetweengovernedandgoverning.Asymbolic,butpracticalcruxof‘ownership’isinthechoiceofthe‘maplegend’.9Eventhen,therearethequestionsof‘whoprovidesalternativenamesoflegenditems?’,and‘whatquestionsareaskedtoinitiatethenaming?’.Maybenotjustthelegend,butthewhole‘map’,hastobeliberated.Empowermentisprovokedbytransferringlegendandoutputownershipfromthepowerfultothedisadvantagedwithcountermapsthatchallengethe(spatial)viewsofthepowerful.

IftheGItoolsandapproachbuildcommunicabilitybetweenoutsidersandinsiders,thiscanlegitimisethevalueofendogenousknowledge(ISK)andlanguage,andmakethetoolsmoreacceptabletolocalusers.

LegitimacydemandsactiveparticipationatallstagesofPSP,andtherefore,atallstagesofthemappingprocesses,by‘allstakeholders’,implyinggovernmentagenciesandtheprivatebusinesssector,aswellascivilsociety(communityrepresentatives,traditionalleaders,NGOsandCBOs.)Partnershipisacharacteristicofgoodgovernance(UNDP,1997).

3.2.Respect(bythegoverningforthegoverned)

DoGItoolssupportordetractfromgoodgovernanceinrespectingbasichumanrights,civilliberties,women’srights,workers’rights,culturalandregionalrights;indigenous(technical)knowledge;lawsandpropertyrights,andnotleast,people’srightstolivelihoods?Amongthe rstclientsforimprovedspatialinformationarethetaxcollectorsandpolice.

PSPusingGItoolsrespectspeople’srightsbydemonstratingthatithastheability:*

*

*Toelicitandhandlelocalperceptionsandconceptualisationsofspaceandspatialvalues:Thiswouldinvolvecapturingandtranslatingspatialconcepts(‘mentalmaps’)ofboundaries,locations,zonesintomappableoutputs;buildingGISintolocalknowledgeprocess;andconsideringfuturetimesandfuturegenerationsbyprovidingastrategicvision;TohandleITKandISK:ThisimpliespromotingrespectforITK/ISK;presentingspatialoutput(mapsandGIS)insuchamannerthatlocalpeoplecanrecogniseandinterpretallrelevantfeatures;andtakingintoaccounttheheterogeneityoflocalpopulationsandthediversityoftheirknowledge.Tooperateatanappropriateresolutionofoutput:

Thisimpliesascale‘‘relevanttothelocalspace’’forlocal-levelmanipulation,thereforeatalargescale,1:5000–1:50,000.Thereseemstobeawindowof‘natural’scaleappealingtousers,whichmeetscompetingdesiresforcoverage,comprehensiveness,andinclusionontheonehand,andontheotherhand,informationdigestion,notinformationoverload,simplicity,andcomprehension.

9PointstressedbyG.Rambaldi(May2002,m.).