费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

568M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

quotedbyHaklayandHarrison(2002,p.15).Thesesamerespondentsdemonstratedtheir‘‘yhealthyscepticismoftheabilityofPPGIStoalterpowerrelations’’.Similarly,inevaluatingwhyaGIStransfer-of-technologyprojectinIndiawasunsustainable,node cienciesinGISandcomputingcapabilitieswerefound,‘‘nocomputingproblemseemedbeyondtheirabilitytosolve’’.Thatisnotwheretheproblemslie,‘‘theproblemsofdevelopmentaredrivenybysocio-economicconsiderations’’(Hutchinson&Toledano,1993).

WhereversomeactorsgainfromintroductionofGIS,othersocialgroupswillloseout,becomingyetmoremarginalised.(P-)GISsimultaneouslyboth‘empowersandmarginalizes’(Brodnig&Mayer-Schonberger,2000).Onlywhere(geo-)informationshiftsthebalanceofpowersfromthe‘‘strongpublics’’tothe‘‘counter-publics’’14andchangesdifferentialaccesstoresources,aswellastoinformation,canitbeconsideredtoprogressivelyre-orientdevelopment.

Thereisarelationshipherewiththe‘exclusion’oftheinformationunderclass(Section5).TheGIT-literateareanywaytheeconomicallyandsociallypowerful,andthoughcriticalofgovernmentdecisions,areunlikelytobeupsettingthewholesocialapplecart.Evenwithadegreeof‘opengovernment’,informationaccruestothosealreadywithmostresources,rmationisaresourcewhosevalueisrealisedonlyincombinationwithothersocial/politicalresources,especiallypowerandaccesstopolicyinstruments.Thisisequallytrueforcustomaryknowledgewithinindigenoussocietiesliabletocontrolbyanolder,male,orclass,elite.Localsociety,whetherurbancommunityorruralvillage,isnotequitable,and‘participation’hastostruggletoreachthepower–poor,marginalisedandinarticulate.‘WerealisedthatsomerichandpowerfulpeopleinthecommunityobjectedtotheopenandparticipatoryusesofGIS’inruralGhana(Kyem,2002).

Carver(2001)beginsareviewof‘participationandGI’withthepessimisticideathatpossiblythegeneralpublicdonotwanttobemorecloselyinvolvedindecision-making,butheaddsthesigni cantquestionofwhetherpolicy-makersandpower-brokersactuallyvaluepublicinput.Developmentandinstallationofimproved(spatial)informationcapabilities(suchasGIS)needtoruninparallelwithimprovedinstitutionalsafeguardsforreasonablepublicaccessanduse.

Thereisayetunburiedmythabout‘value-neutralGIS’.GISisnomoreneutralthanstatisticsorbulldozers,italldependsonwhatitisbeingusedfor,andonwhoiscontrollingit.‘‘AGISre ectsthemandate[andthevalues,goals,biases]oftheagencythatoperatesit’’(Harrisetal.,1995).Itisaxiomaticthatgoodgovernancerestsnotonthetools,butonhowtheyareused,andbywhom.

7.4.Dimensionsofgovernanceand(P-)GIS

Giventhemessagesthatontheonehand,‘ownership’anduseofISKcanempower,andontheotherhand,(geo-)informationistheservantofthestatusquopowerstructure,inwhatrespectscanP-mapping/P-GISsupportgoodgovernance?FortheGISproponent,theaimmustbeto14TermsfromAitken(2002).