费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573567

non-professional,localknowledgeoftravelpatterns,locationsoflife-styleactivities,orsafety/security,forinstance.

Beyondthis,thereisindigenousknowledgethatissymbolic,metaphoric,andvisionary,thoughoftenfunctionallyrelatedtolandandlandfeatures.Thisdeepknowledge,withitsobligationsofstewardshipoftheland—asincustomaryrestrictionsonusing‘sacredlands’whicharealsoaprotectedforest—togetherwiththelocation-andresource-speci c,problem-orientedITK,providethebasisforlocalpeople’sparticipation.

Thechallengeistointegratetheinsiders’pragmatic,ifsometimesalsomystical,knowledge(ISK)whichre ectslocalneeds,withtheexternaldemandsthatareratchetingupwithglobalisation.Therationalebehindthisintegrationisanalogoustoseeing‘communityparticipation’as‘mediation’,the‘thirdway’betweenfacilitatingexternalprojects,and,autonomousempowerment.ITK/ISKarekeystonesinthisprocess,becausetheyareameasureofthecapabilityandcompetenceofthelocalcommunity,andtheirownershiphasthepotentialtoplacethecommunityonanequalstatuswithoutsider‘experts’.

7.2.OwnershiporcontrolofISKcanempowerthecommunity

Empowermentisthedeepestoftheintentsofparticipation,andpromotingISKby,within,andfor,thelocalcommunityisamajorinstrumenttowardsthis.P-GISshouldprovidethepotentialforamoreequalexchangeofinformationandvaluesandunderstandingbetweenthepartiesinvolved,asfrequentlyasserted(e.g.Aberley,1993;Poole,1995;Gonzalez,2000;Weiner,Warner,Harris,&Levin,1995).CarryingoutaGISexercisewiththeproperinvolvementoflocalpartiesaffectsempowerment,andstrengthensthecapabilitiesofthoseparties.BeinginvolvedinaGISmeansthat‘‘thestakeholderpartiesarebeingtakenseriouslyy[through]ygreateropennessandaccountabilityonbehalfofdecisionmakers’’(Carver,2001).

However,iftheinputdataor(GIS)outputarenotparticipatorilyprocessedinsitu,theempowermentbene tsmaybelost,becauseanalienationbetweenpeopleand‘their’datacanarise(Jordan&Shrestha,1998).ThisisovercomewhentheGISperseisintegratedinto,andisseenas,avitalcomponentof,thewholeprocessofdecision-makinginPSP;thustheimportanceofusingparticipatoryresearchasthemethodologicalapproach,andGISasthetechnicaltool.Conversely,GISandmapsareanecessarybutnotsuf cientconditionbythemselvesforlocaldevelopment.Theymustbede nitivelyembeddedinparticipation,notjustasanoperationalmechanism,butdeliberatelyasatoolforempoweringlocalpeople.

7.3.Power

ThispositivespinonISKandempowermentmustbecounteredbytheideathat‘informationperseisnotpower’.Social-economicdevelopmentandimplementationaredirectedmuchmorebyrelativepowerandaccesstoandcontrolover,resources,thanby(geo-)information.13Thenexusanddeliverymechanismsofsocial–politicalpowerareformedby‘‘y‘thingslikethepoliticalprocess,thepropertymarket,propertydevelopment’y’’accordingtotheLondonrespondentsCritiquesalongtheselinesarenotnew—e.g.Yapa(1991),Pickles(1995),Rundstrom(1995),Harrisetal.(1995),debatesintheVareniusproject,Craigetal.(2002).13