费力好大劲才搞到的 地理信息系统 gis 英语论文

M.K.McCall/HabitatInternational27(2003)549–573

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*Comprehensibilityandsimplicityofusebyparticipants;literacy,numeracyandcomputer-literacyrequirements;Costeffectiveness;Maintenanceofthecurrencyofthedata—updatinginformationsetsiscostly,timeconsumingandliabletobeoverlookedintheenthusiasmofapplyingnewtools;andAbilityofcivilsocietytouseGItoolsforscenariobuildingtovisualisetheiralternativefutures.

petence—ef ciencyandeffectiveness

DotheGItoolssupportordetractfromthe‘competence’dimensionofgoodgovernance?Thiscanbesimplyre-interpretedasthequestions:

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*Arethetoolsef cient,andeffective,forthedeliveryofservices?Dotheyaddtoadministrativecompetence?Cantheyeffectivelytranslatebetweenindigenousandscienti cspatialknowledge?Dothetoolsunderstandandsomehowhandle‘imperfectdata’?—or,aretheybefuddledwhencopingwithimprecision,incompleteness,fuzziness,andambiguity?Canthetoolshandledynamicand owdata?Canthetoolshandleknowledgeaboutpowerrelations?

4.Whereis‘participation’inparticipatory-GIS?Howdoesparticipatoryspatialplanningrelatetogovernanceandtoindigenousspatialknowledge?

Participationinspatialplanningisclearlyrelatedtolegitimacyasagovernancecriterion,butastrongparticipatoryapproachalsosupportsothergovernanceimperativesofequityandrespectforpeople’srights.

4.1.Intensitiesandpurposesof‘participation’

‘Participation’meansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;onereasonisthatmanyanalystsconfusetheintensities,withthepurposes,ofparticipation.FourintensitiesofPSP,fromtheleasttothemost‘participatory’leveloftheladder,arerecognisable:10

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*PSPas‘InformationSharing’impliesone-ortwo-waycommunicationbetween‘outsiders’andlocalpeople,andisprimarilytechnicalinformation,suchasneedsassessment.Thetopicsandmostinformation-gatheringtechniquesaresetbytheoutsideagencies.InPSPas‘Consultation’,externalagentsrefercertainissuestolocalstakeholdersforre nementorprioritising,butitistheoutsiderswhopre-de nethesalientproblems,andanalysisiscontrolledbyoutside.Ifalllocalandexternalactorsareinvolvedin‘Decision-making’,theyjointlyidentifypriorities,analysecurrentstatus,assessalternatives,andimplement.‘Participationisseenasaright,notjustasthemeanstoachieveprojectgoals’.

10SharingofBene ts—receivinggoodsandservicesorevenpoliticalcloutissometimesconsideredaformofparticipation,butthatis‘recipientparticipation’,conceptuallydifferentfrominvolvementin‘doing’.