映像的论证、阐述和理解——电气工程英语中的(19)

发布时间:2021-06-07

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImage——s

that

can

beexposedthantodonothing,betterthoughtgoes

to

haveanyaccountofhowmetaphor

works(or

that

our

on)than

tohavenone.Providedalwaysthatwedonotsuppose

accountreallytellsUSwhathappens—provided,thatis,we,donotmistakeour

our

theoriesfor

skills,or

our

descriptiveapparatusforwhatitdescribes.

as

AnotherAlex

use

ofmetaphorbegantoemergeinthe1940sand1950s,aspeoplesuchinventor

Osborn(the

of

of‘brainstorming’)andW.J.J.Gordon

approach"known

andGeorgePrince(the

inventors

the’creativity

as‘Sb7nectics’)took

another,very

business—like,angle.Theseearly‘practicalcreativity’pioneerswantedtohelppeopleandorganizations

to

bemore

imaginative.Analogy

just

as

andmetaphorbegantobeused

as

as

commerciallyvaluabletools,notpsychologicalprocesses

literarydevices,or

explanationsformysterious

Inthe1960sand1970s,morefactorsemerged:

Onthepopularculturesidecame

theexplosionofpsychedelic,guru—hunting,

encounter—groupy,youthcultures.Theseintroducedverylargenumbersofpeopleto‘farout’experiencesthatseemedthought

longwayfromtheoldmodels,whichhasoften

seen

just

as

somekindofinternalizedconversation.

onthescientificside,therapiddevelopment,ataboutthesametime,ofcomputersandoftechniquescapableofrecordingneuralactivity,madeitpossibleto‘thinkaboutthinking’inwaysthathasenquiry

to

never

been

possiblebefore.Aloosepatchworkof

areas

of

dowith‘thinking’began

to

cometogetherundertheumbrella—label:‘Cognitiveintelligence,cognitive

psychology,linguistics,

Sc—ience’These‘include

artificial

philosophy,neuro—science,psychiatricresearch,ideasfromcybernetics,etc.

Onthephilosophicalside,therewasthegrowingawarenessthatexplaintheworldaround

US

are

our

attemptsto

often

SO

incompleteandapproximatethatthereisroom

formanydifferenttheories

or

explanations.Evenapparentlycontradictoryexplanations

as

mayeachhaveusefulvalidityintheirowncontext—atheoryisparable

or

often

as

much

story,

as

metaphor

as

it

is‘objective

truth’.Thisideabecame

known

‘post—modernism’(to

contrastitwith‘modernism’一thebeliefin

unified,rational,

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