新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(2)

were posing a threat to his army to invade England. was brought into closer the Saxon kingdom of In October 1066, during connection with Rome, and Wessex

the important battle of the church courts were

2．King Alfred (849-899) Hastings, William

separated from the civil and his contributions defeated Harold and

courts

艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）killed him. One Christmas 3．The English is a

和他所做出的贡献 Day, William was crowned mixture of nationalities Alfred was a king of king of England, thus of different origins. The Wessex. He defeated the beginning the Norman

ancestors of many English Danes and reached a Conquest of England.据

people were the ancient

friendly agreement with 说，爱德华国王曾答应把英Angles and Saxons. Some

them in 879. The Danes 格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威English people are of the gained control of the

廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈Norman-French origin.英

north and east, while he 罗德为国王。公元1066年国是一个集不同民族于一体

ruled the rest. He also 10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激的国家。许多英国人的祖先

converted some leading 烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而Danes into Christians. 德军队，同时哈罗德也在此还有一些英国人的是诺曼血He ①founded a strong 战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，统。 fleet and is known as 成为英国国王，从此开始了“ the father of the 诺曼征服。

第三章

British navy”. He ②2．The Norman Conquest The Shaping of the reorganized the Saxon and its consequences诺曼Nation (1066-1381)英army, making it more 征服及其产生的影响。 国的形成（公元efficient. He ③The Norman Conquest of translated a Latin book 1066 is perhaps ①the 1066-1381） into English. He

best-known event in

I. Norman Rule also ④established English history. William (1066-1381)诺曼统治schools and ⑤formulated the Conqueror ② （公元1066-1381） a legal system. All this confiscated almost all England's feudalism earns him the title the land and gave it to his under the rule of “Alfred the Great.” Norman followers. He V．The Norman Conquest replaced the weak Saxon William the Conqueror(1066)诺曼征服（公元1066rule with ③a strong 在威廉统治下的英国封建年）

Norman government. So the

制度

1．Reasons for William’s feudal system was tem in England was invasion of England after completely established in completely Edward’s death. England.④Relations with established. ②威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国the Continent were opened,

的原因。

and the civilization and According to this It was said that king

commerce were extended.

system, the King Edward had promised the ⑤Norman-French culture, owned all the land English throne to William, language, manners and personally. ③William but the Witan chose Harold architecture were gave his barons large

as king. So William led introduced. ⑥The Church estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

II．Contents and the significance of the Great Charter《大宪章》的内容及意义 Great Charter was signed by King John in

1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5 ) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance) Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the