新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(5)

not agree to their demands.为 了避免经each other the two

course of history

The English Civil War is also called the Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. great Catholic powers, elsewhere in Europe; 常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。但是，她与议会的关系也经常不稳定。因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，同时希望可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。

Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策 Elizabeth's religious reform was a

compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme

Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain. IV. The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴

Distinctive features of the English

Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them; 4) English Renaissance

literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences内战及影响 Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation

between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic

interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown‘ s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell(p.57) Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against charles I. His famous ―Ironside‖ cavalry and New

After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and he instituted direct military rule of the

country. After king Charles I‘s exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the ―Rump‖（残余国会）declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king.

The Restoration王政复辟

----------------------1660

When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was