新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(18)

of the capitalist system would order after up to that time. 7）America in W W II ①The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.Isolationism before WW II and neutrality at first二战是由大国为争夺世界霸权，以及纳粹德国，法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本进行军事扩张而导致的。美国第二次世界大战前的孤立主义和初期的中立政策。 ②the Pearl Harbour Incident in December,1941 1941.12月的珍珠港事件 ③American wartime objectives and guiding principles for wartime diplomacy美国的战时目标和战时外交的指导原则。The objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a ⑤American policy

separate concepts of

was fighting against

unconditional victory in towards the Soviet accord with American

postwar world order;the commuism. It was put

Union美国对的对苏政策：different policy: During forward by the U.S.

the Cold War, the U.S. President Truman in

1947

杜鲁门主义：美国政府将会支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。这是美国总统杜鲁门1947年提出的

ideals and interest; Two 1）to keep the Soviet guiding principles: the

Union in the war;2） to government would

support any country which said it was fighting against

first was to win the war, get the Soviet Union the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American

into the war against Japan; 3）to influence

Soviet policy and to be communism. And the very watchful about

Soviet Union beliveved ②The Marshall P lan: In it should rapidly build up order to protect Western

interest and to prevent Soviet expansive the Soviet Union from over-expansion.④Anglo-American Strategy and

differences in Europe. 英美在欧洲的战略和分歧

intention.1）让苏联继续参its strength for the final Eutope from possible 战，2）使苏联卷入对日抗

struggle against

Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Werstern European countries economic aid. It was annouced by

战；3）给苏联外交政策一定capitalism.②George 的影响，同时十分警惕苏联Kennan (proposed the 的扩张意图。 ⑥Potsdam

containmetn policy on February 22,1946)and

A Stratergy of Europe : Conference(1945)波茨坦the containmetn policy: Secretary of State to defeat Germany first; 会议：showed that there the containment policy George Marshall on June The second issue was

were great differences

became the offical

5, 1947.

马歇尔计划：为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决

poliy towards the Soviet among America, Britain policy towards the Union.欧洲战略：先击败德国，2是对苏联的政策。 The differences: The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their former colonies and let them become independent states. Britain did not like the America‘s policy美国渴望英、法的殖民地摆脱英、法而成为独立国家。英不同意。

Chapter 17 America in Postwar Era

(1945-1980s) 二次大战后的美国

1）Origins of the Cold War冷战的起源

①time: began with the ending of the WW II; Causes: caused by conflicts between the U.S. and the S.U. arose basically from their

and the Soviet Union. Soveit Union until

1989.1946年2月22日，定给予西欧国家经济支援，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南这是由国务卿马歇尔于在他的电报中主张对苏联采1947. 取遏制政策。此后遏制政策 3）Effects of 作为美国对苏联的官方政策。

McCarthyism (麦卡锡主义1950-1954) of on

2)The Truman Doctrine American society：and the Marshall Plan杜McCarthy used ―big 鲁门主义和马歇尔计划。

lie‖tactic to persecute

①the Truman Doctrine: progressive people. He the U.S government should support any country which said it

said he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department.