新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(10)

of monetarist policies to control inflation, ③the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and ③an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. She resigned (辞职) in 1990.第七章 Government and Administratio英国政府机构

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British con stitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。

Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制 The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy‘s power are limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutional

monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.<I．The Monarchy君主制 1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is ―Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth,

Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的‖ 2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the ―supreme governor‖ of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构

III．Parliament议会 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the

work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金 The House of Lords 上院

The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England.The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,Scotland,Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers of

Ireland);2)life peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties;3)all other life peers.The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its

members into the process of

law-making.上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及 The House of Commons 下院 The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.下院议员由成人普选产生，共有651名议员。最高立法权掌握在下院手中。 1） Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制

A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.British citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic resident in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or