新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(7)

trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面稳定。17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。

(3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。 (4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。

(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。

(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.

发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。 (8) Probably laissez faire and ―Protestant work ethic‖ helped.自由贸易及―新教工作伦理‖可能起到一定作用

(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal

customs barriers. 1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成海关协会，1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此，全国市场不再受制于国内海关的约束。 (10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the

factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了所需的一些原材料。

3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工业革命重大创新

(1) John Kay‘s flying shuttle in 1733;1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；

(2) James Hargreaves‘ Spinning Jenny in 1766;1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机； (3) Richard Arkwright‘s waterframe in

1769;1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机； (4) Samuel

Crompton‘s mule in 17791779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机； (5) Edmund Cartwright‘s power loom in 1784;1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；

(6) James Watt‘s steam engine in 1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution工业革命的结果

（1） Britain was by 1830 the ―workshop of the world‖;使英国在1830年成为了―世界工场‖；

（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation‘s wealth. （3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.

机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。工人们

在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。

（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。

英语国家概况精讲系列（十二） III. The Chartist Movement

(1836-1848)宪章运动（1836-1848） 1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.议会改革的原因

(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.权力被贵族垄断。

(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.

议会中城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表分配极不公平。

(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.

还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。