新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记(6)

elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was

and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in

反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。 The Tories were those who supported 存：

（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;

Revolution

(1780-1830)工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to

（2） More vegetables, the mechanisation of more milk and more industry and the called the Restoration. England in 1688. The 1658年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克伦威尔的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。1660年选出的议会要求上一任国王的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟。 The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年光荣革命------------------1688 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰

I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with

dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是指那些

hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。

I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业革命

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the ―open-field‖ system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The

movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的―开放田地‖制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共

dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；

（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was

introduced into rural relationships.农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）

II. The Industrial

consequent changes in social and economic

organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和 经济结构的变化。

2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:

英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下： (1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;

(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly

interested in overseas