法律英语-何家弘(7)

or even four judicial districts, depending on population, geography and caseload. There are ninety-four districts in the United States and each district court has one judge, or more commonly two or more. After an adverse judgment in the district court, a litigant may appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit in which the district court is located. There are eleven numbered intermediate appellate courts in the federal system, each including anywhere from three to ten states and territories. Additionally, there is a Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, hearing appeals from the federal district court there, and one for the Federal Circuit, taking appeals from various specialized federal tribunals, such as the Claims Court. Each court of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies. A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to obtain review by the United States Supreme Court. Cases in the state courts similarly may proceed through a trial court, a state appellate court, and then the state supreme court. If a federal constitutional question is involved the decision of the state supreme court may be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court. Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.

尽管不少州如内布拉斯加有一个两级体制，而联邦法院和大多数州都是三级模式。这意味着对于任何诉讼人，都有机会将其案件提交到审判法院，如果他败诉了，那么还有两个级别的上诉的权利，而他最终有可能在上诉中胜诉。比如，在联邦系统内，受理法院是美国地区法院，每个州都至少有一个审判法院。许多大的州根据人口、地理以及待处理案件数量等因素划分为两个、三个甚至四个司法管辖区。美国共有94个地区，而每一个地区法院有一个或者（通常）有两个以上法官。在地区法院受到不利的裁决之后，诉讼人可以上诉到该地区法院所在的巡回审判区的美国上诉法院。联邦系统内共有11个按数字排列的中级上诉法院，每一个都包括三到十个州或者其它属地。另外，哥伦比亚特区有一个上诉法院，审理来自当地联邦地区法院的上诉案件，以及一个为联邦巡回审判区而设立的上诉法院，接受来自各种特别的联邦法庭如求偿法院的上诉案件。每一个上诉法院都有四个以上的法官，他们其中三人组成合议庭对地区法院的裁决以及一些行政机关的裁决进行审查。在某些案件中，在上诉法院败诉的诉讼人可以获得美国最高法院的审理。各州法院的案件同样可以经过一个审判法院、一个上诉法院和一个州最高法院。如果涉及联邦宪法问题，州最高法院的裁决可能受到美国最高法院的审查。自从1988年以来，合众国最高法院可以自由裁量是否审查民事案件；而实际上所有的民事案件都作为（当事人的）权利而上诉到最高法院的做法已经被废除了。

check carefully the statutes of the system in which you are appearing to determine the specific rules regarding review by those appellate courts.

三级体制在最高法院所扮演的角色上有所不同。（各州）所采用的不同做法反映了关于最高法院应当发挥什么作用的不同观念（哲理）。比如，在加利福尼亚，只有被判死刑的刑事案件才可以上诉到州最高法院。同样，在联邦法院中，除了在一些非常有限的情况下，向合众国最高法院上诉属于其根据调案调卷令进行自由裁量的事项。该法院自行决定哪些是最主要的问题而值得其关注，并且会拒绝审查它认为会产生不重要的问题的裁决。它以这种方式对下级法院的司法行为进行以个案为基础的监督。在这一问题的另一端，如在纽约，成文法规定大量的案件都存在向州最高法院的上诉权。纽约上诉法院的主要作用就是确保案件得以正确裁决。在您要确定这些上诉法院的特定规则的时候，有必要仔细察看该系统的相关立法。

Part Two： Judges

Fewer than one in twenty of those admitted to practice law is a federal, state, county, or municipal court judge. Except for some inferior courts, judges are generally required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. There is so little uniformity that it is difficult to generalize further than to point out three salient

characteristics that relate to the ranks from which judges are drawn, to the method of their selection, and to their tenure.

第二部分 法官

那些获准法律执业的人当中只有不到二十分之一是联邦、州、县、或城镇法院的法官。除了一些较低级别的法院之外，一般都要求法官具备执业律师资格，但是他们在担任法官期间不得执业。由于一致性太少，因此除了指出关于选任法官的等级、遴选方法及其任期的三个明显特点之外，很难再作进一步的概括。

Threetiered systems vary on the role which the highest court plays. The approaches taken reflect differing philosophies with regard to what the highest court should do. For example, in California only criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable as of right to the state supreme court. Similarly, in the federal courts, except in a few very limited circumstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari. The Court decides for itself what are the most important questions that deserve its attention and will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not …… 此处隐藏：3837字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……