法律英语-何家弘(6)

gateway to the American power elite became possible with the New Deal". Felix Frankfurters placement network for the "best and the brightest" into influential public policy positions during the New Deal in the 1930s was an early example of this kind of network. During his tenure at Harvard and later while on the Supreme Court, Frankfurter developed an "old boy network" which was intimately involved with the placement of many of the "elite" lawyers, all of whom were white and male, into public service. The typical Frankfurter recruit was "a graduate of Harvard Law School, politically liberal, usually ranked high in his class, and either an obvious product of upper class gentile culture or an obvious product of a radically different culture who was 'comfortable' in the upper class gentile world".

除了肯尼迪所指的法学院内部的等级之外，其他关于法学院功能及其与职业之间的关系的研究表明，法学院之间也存在着等级之分。前十几位的精英法学院有着较高的权威和地位，其毕业生的职业生涯以及连接着法学院和其他法律职业的“老同学关系网”也部分地反映出了这一点。“随着‘新政’的实施，作为进入美国权力精英门槛的法学院”模式成了可能。这一关系网的最早范例是费利柯斯·弗兰克福特在1930年代的新政期间为进入有影响的公共政策职位的那些“顶尖人物”所罗织的职业介绍网。弗兰克福特在其哈佛法学院以及随后在最高法院的任职期间，发起了一个“老同学关系网”，主要是招募大量进入公共服务领域的“精英”律师，他们大多都是白人和男性。典型的弗兰克福特新会员是“一名哈佛法学院的毕业生，自由主义政治观点，在其班级通常排名靠前，而且要么是一个明显的上等阶层异教文化的产物，要么是一个明显在上等阶层异教群体内能够‘如鱼得水’的完全不同的文化的产物”。

In the current hiring practices of the major law firms and in the competition for judicial clerkships, and in the appointments to law faculties, the graduates of the elite schools continue to have an advantage over graduates of other schools. In a recent study of Chicago lawyers, Zemans and Rosenblum found that lawyers who attended "highprestige law schools and graduated in the top 20 percent of their classes were much more likely to practice in large firms and specialize in highprestige fields of law". In terms of appointments to law faculties, 60% of the legal professions teaching specialists are produced by fewer than 15% of the nations accredited law schools. These law teacher producer schools are mostly national, located in urban locations, and include schools such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, University of Michigan, Chicago, New York University, Northwestern University, and Georgetown. If it is true that the fulltime faculty of the law schools "have a virtual monopoly on who will and will not enter the (legal) profession" and "on the power to mold future generations", then the existence of a hierarchy among the law schools suggests that an elite group of schools is primarily responsible for staffing the law schools, which in turn produce lawyers for the hierarchies within the profession.

在当前的主要律师事务所雇佣实践中，在法院职员的竞聘中，以及在选定法学院教师时，精英法学院的毕业生一直比其他法学院的毕业生具有优势。在最近对芝加哥律师进行的一项调查中，Zemans和Rosenblum发现，从“地位较高的法学院并且其班级排名在前20位的”律师“更容易在大型律师事务所执业并且在社会地位较高的法律领域工作”。在选任法学教师方面，有60%的法律职业讲授专家来自于不及15%的全国经认可的法学院。这些生产法学教师的法学院大多是坐落于城市的全国性法学院，包括诸如哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、密歇根大学、芝加哥大学、纽约大学、西北大学和乔治敦大学等的法学院。如果法学院的全日制教师“实际上垄断着谁将进入和谁不能进入这一（法律）职业”并且垄断着“塑造未来数代人的权力”，那么在法学院之间存在等级之分就表明精英法学院群体对于向法学院提供教员负有主要责任，这些法学院转而为该职业内部的各个阶层继续培

养律师。

Lesson Four：Judicial System 司法系统

Background背景

美国法院系统的突出特点是"双轨制"，即由联邦法院和州法院这两个相互独立且平行的体系组成。联邦法院行使美国宪法授与联邦政府的司法管辖权。在刑事领域中，联邦法院负责审理那些违犯联邦法律的刑事案件；在民事领域中，联邦法院负责审理以合众国为一方、涉及"联邦性质的问题"，以及发生在不同州的公民之间且有管辖权争议等种类的民事案件。州法院的司法管辖权较为广泛。按照美国宪法的规定，凡是法律未明确授与联邦法院的司法管辖权，均属于州法院。在实践中，绝大多数刑事案件和大多数民事案件都是由各州法院审判的。

联邦法院是一个统一的系统。它由联邦最高法院(the Supreme Court)、13个联邦上诉法院(Courts of Appeals)和94个联邦地区法院(District Courts)组成。此外还有索赔法院(the Court of Claims)、关税法院(the Customs Court)、关税及专利上诉法院(the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals)等联邦特别法院(Special Courts)。各州的法院系统并不完全相同，但一般也都包括三级法院：基层法院多称为审判法院(Trial Court)或巡回法院(Circuit Court)；中级法院多称为上诉 …… 此处隐藏：3688字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……