法律英语-何家弘(15)

There is no general federal homicide law. There can be none, in fact, since constitutional authority is lacking for Congress to legislate upon the subject, except with respect to killings within a federal territory, in federal buildings or upon other 第五部分 死刑

多年来对于死刑是否能够实现其预期的制止谋杀目的一直存有许多争论。这一问题在研究人员之间仍然没有得到解决。但是，由于近年来死刑执行快速减少的原因，关于死刑的争论变得仅局限于学术方面。尽管在1935年有199人被执行死刑，但到了1966年在美国却只有1人被执行死刑，1967年2人，1968年没有。不过在接下federal property, or killings of federal officials or officers.

第三部分 联邦杀人罪法

不存在普遍的联邦杀人罪法。事实上，由于除了对在某一联邦领土内、在联邦大楼中或者其他的联邦财产上的杀人行为或者针对联邦官员的杀人行为之外，国会没有对此类问题进行立法的宪法性权利，因此也不可能有普遍的联邦杀人罪立法。

Example

X, without justification or excuse, shoots and kills Y in a Post Office. X has committed a federal offense of criminal homicide.

X在没有正当理由的情况下，在一家邮局射杀Y。X实施了联邦杀人罪。

Example

X, a bank robber fugitive about to be apprehended by an F. B. I. agent, shoots and kills the agent. X is guilty of a federal crime of murder.

X是一名正在由联邦调查局特工追捕的抢劫银行的逃犯，他开枪射杀了这名特工。X犯有联邦谋杀罪。

4. Modern MurderManslaughter Legislation

In most states the crimes of murder and manslaughter are covered in state statutes closely patterned after the common law. A trend is now under way, however, to modernize the law. The 1961 Illinois Criminal Code is a good example. In defining murder, for instance, it avoids such language as "malice" and "abandoned and malignant heart", and uses more precise and meaningful terminology.

第四部分 当代谋杀-非预谋杀人罪立法体系

在大多数州，谋杀罪和非预谋杀人罪都是由各州法律管辖，这些法律都基本上继承了普通法的形式。但是目前有一种正在进行的法律现代化趋势。1961年《伊利诺斯刑法典》就是一个很好的例子。比如，在对谋杀进行定义的时候，它避免了诸如“预谋”和“冷酷邪恶之心”之类的用于，而是用了更为准确和含义丰富的术语。

According to the Illinois Code, a person who kills another individual without lawful excuse commits murder (a) if he intended to kill him or do great bodily harm; or (b) if, without intending to kill, it clearly appears that he must have known that his conduct probably would cause death; or (c) if death resulted from the commission of a very serious crime like robbery, burglary or rape.

根据该刑法典，一个人在没有合法理由的情况下杀死另一个人，（1）如果他故意杀死他或者造成其重大身体伤害；或者（2）在没有杀人的故意的情况下，如果清楚表明他应当知道其行为可能会导致死亡；或者（3）如果死亡是由实施诸如抢劫、入室盗窃或者强奸之类的非常危险的犯罪所造成的，那么就构成谋杀罪。

5. Capital Punishment

For many years there has been much controversy as to whether capital punishment serves its intended purpose--a deterrent to murder. The issue is still unresolved among researchers on the subject. The capital punishment controversy has become rather academic, however, by reason of the rapid decline in executions in recent years. Although there were 199 executions in 1935, there was only one in the entire United States in 1966, two in 1967 and none in 1968. Yet in each of the latter three years over four hundred persons were under sentence of death.

来的3年当中每年都有400多人被宣判死刑。

In addition to an increasing unwillingness to execute murderers who have been sentenced to death, a legal concept was recently developed and enunciated by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding jury selection in capital cases that will make jury imposition of the death penalty much more difficult to obtain. The Court held that prospective jurors could not be rejected solely because of conscientious scruples against the death penalty. To do so, said the Court, constitutes a deprivation of due process, because the defendant would not then be accorded a trial by a "fair and impartial jury".

除了人们对已经被宣判死刑的谋杀犯越来越不愿意执行之外，最近美国最高法院最近提出并阐述了一个关于在死刑案件中陪审团选择的法律观念也使得陪审团对犯人判处死刑有了更大的难度。最高法院裁定，即任陪审员不得仅仅因为其反对死刑的良心顾虑而被要求退出陪审团。最高法院认为，如果这样做，就构成了对正当程序的剥夺，因为被告无法获得由“公正和公平的陪审团”的审判。

Exclusion because of such beliefs alone is permissible only when the prospective juror states that he would not consider setting them aside in the particular case for which he was called for jury service.

只有在即任陪审员声明他不会考虑在其参与陪审的特定案件中弃之不管的情况下，才允许仅仅由于这种观念而将其排除到陪审团之外。

法律英语第9课《合同法介绍》中英对照

Part One Contract and Contract Law

合同与合同法

1

Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something which is to be done in the future by one or both of …… 此处隐藏：2539字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……