法律英语-何家弘(4)

员会，甚至是董事会成员。专职法律顾问也是律师协会的成员并有权出庭代理诉讼，尽管公司打官司通常还是回请外部律师担任诉讼代理人。但是，专职法律顾问的特长是咨询而不是诉讼代理，这是他的一种宝贵资产。由于不断接触雇主的各类问题，专职法律顾问的理想定位是预防性法律事务，它还可以根据要求向公司就其对公众和国家更为广泛的义务提供咨询。

Part Four： Lawyers in Government

A parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitations on top salaries, however, discourage some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousands, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors, sometimes known as district attorneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule, lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work, since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However, a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently, for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that, "No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs."

第四部分 政府律师

律师职业在政府中也出现了同样的发展，目前每二十个律师中有两个（不包括法官）受雇于联邦、州、县和市镇政府。进入公共服务领域的人许多是认为在其工作生涯的这一阶段政府工资有吸引力和寻求锻炼机会并将这种锻炼作为私人执业前奏的法学毕业生。他们大多数都是通过任命而供职于联邦和州的各级政府机关以及劳工组织中的法律部门。仅美国司法部一家就雇佣了两千多名律师，纽约市的法律部雇的人数超过四千。其他律师的角色是公诉人。联邦公诉人，即美国的检察官及其助理由总统任命，受美国总检察长领导。州公诉人，有时是地区检察官，通常由各县选举产生，并且不受州检察长的控制。作为一种规则，政府律师都是直接从事法律工作，因为法律培训很少作为一般的政府服务的准备工作。但是，那些被任命为高级行政职务和被选举担任政治官职的人是这一规则的一个少数但却很重要的例外。尽管近来律师参与政府工作在减少，但两个世纪以来律师已经构成了美国国会和各州州长的大约半数。这些数字证明了斯通大法官的话：“在我们的职业传统中，没有一个能像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。”

Lesson Three: Legal Education 法律教育

必修课(Required Course)为主，包括合同法(Contract Law)、侵权法(Tort Law)、

财产法(Property Law)、刑法(Criminal Law)、民事诉讼(Civil Procedure)和法律文书写作(Legal Writing)等；选修课(Elective Course)

批判性思维(critical thinking) 案例教学法(Case Method)和

问答式即苏格拉底式教学法(Socratic Method)。

In 1983, over 125,000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools including public law schools supported in part by government funds; private law schools supported by contributions from individuals and foundation funds; and local or national schools offering full time or part time legal study programs. As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession, law schools in the United States fulfill several functions including professional training and socialization of future lawyers and screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession. Since there is no central institution where all lawyers practice, the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school.

1983年，在170多所经美国律师协会认可的法学院里就读的法学学生有125000多名。这些法学院包括由部分由政府资助的公立法学院、靠个人和基金会捐助维持的私立法学院、以及提供全日制或者业余法律学习课程的地方性和全国性学校。作为事实上的走向法律职业的唯一途径，美国的法学院履行着许多职能，包括开展职业培训、使未来的律师具备社交能力以及对准备进入法律职业的人进行筛选和把关等。由于没有一个供所有律师进行实习的中心机构，律师共同拥有的机构性经历只能是法学院。

The criticisms which range from "mild to caustic" of the way in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent, diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. These criticisms have focussed on the curriculum and …… 此处隐藏：3190字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……