法律英语-何家弘(5)

第一部分 课程与案例教学法

实际上在所有的美国法学院中都开设传统的一年级课程，包括合同、侵权、财产、刑法和民事程序等。Duncan Kennedy认为这些传统的一年级课程基本上是讲授19世纪晚期自由资本主义的基础性规则。二年级和三年级课程讲述的是温和改革主义的“新政”课程和现代法治（管制？）国家的行政结构。可能开设的边缘学科包括法哲学、法律史、法律程序以及诊所式教育，即“一种学习作为律师所应具备的自我表达社交艺术的操练场和精修学校”。

但是，这种学习“如何像律师一样思考”的课程却被批评者认为对学生及其未来从事律师工作的质量造成了负

面影响。使用这种案例教学法或苏格拉底教学法导致学生、法学教师以及其他人走向异化、焦虑、敌对和攻击性的道路。这种师生对话或者通常的“老师一人独讲”教学法的狭隘的和破坏性的交互作用导致对法学学生爱护他人的能力的损害，即一种职业性的冷漠（情感缺失）和玩世不恭。而且这种狭隘的自我职业意识的受害者不仅仅是法学学生。律师的工作涉及到他们与客户、雇佣律师、其他律师、法官、证人以及其他涉案人员的一系列合同，也涉及到律师的自我目标、态度、成就以及满足感。

However, as new areas of the law continue to develop in response to contemporary issues and problems, some law schools have expanded curricula to include courses and clinical programs in environmental law, housing and urban development, womens rights, health in the workplace, welfare rights and consumer Part Two： Law School Hierarchy

Duncan Kennedy has described the law schools as "intensely political places", characterized by a "tradeschool mentality, the endless attention to trees at the

protection. There are also increasing efforts to teach law in interdisciplinary contexts, drawing on other disciplines such as history, psychology, sociology, medicine, and economics.

但是由于新的法律领域随着当代问题的出现而不断发展，一些法学院将课程予以扩展，包括环境法方面的课程和诊所式课程，住房和城市发展、女权、工作场所的健康、福利权以及消费者保护等。并且还越来越多地以交叉学科的背景讲授法律，向其他学科靠近，如历史、心理学、社会学、医学以及经济学等。

In teaching the traditional curriculum, law teachers in almost all the law schools use to some extent the case method or the Socratic method. Developed in the 1870s by Christopher Columbus Langdell at the Harvard Law School, the case method looked to the common law as the source of legal priniciples and focussed on the teaching of an abstract conception of the law as a science. The legal principles elicited were to be taught divorced from the "grubby world of practice--and also from politics, history, economics, and social contexts". This narrow formalistic approach was justified on the ground that it taught students how to state, analyze, evaluate and compare concrete fact situations thus developing their powers and skills of analysis, reasoning, and expression.

在讲授传统课程时，几乎所有法学院的法学教师都在某种程度上使用案例教学法或者苏格拉底教学法。这种案例教学法是由克里斯托弗·哥伦布·兰德尔于1870年杂哈佛法学院创立的，它所关注的是作为法律原则渊源的普通法并重视将抽象的法律概念作为一种科学进行讲授。他以一种独立于“低层次的实践领域，并且也独立于政治学、历史学、经济学以及社会学背景的”方式讲授这种归纳出来的法律原则。这种狭隘的形式主义方法由于教给了学生如何说明、分析、评价和比较具体的实际情况并因此开发了他们分析、推理和表达的能力而被证明是非常有效的。

However, this process of learning "how to think like a lawyer" has been criticized

as having an adverse impact both on the students and the quality of future lawyering. Students, law teachers, and others have pointed to the alienation, anxiety, hostility and aggression caused by use of the case method or Socratic method. The narrow and destructive interaction of this dialogue, or often "nondialogue", contributes to the impairment of the ability to care about other people, a professional unemotionalism and cynicism on the part of law students. And it is not only the law students who suffer from this narrowing of their professional selves. The work of a lawyer involves continuous contacts with clients, associates, other lawyers, judges, witnesses, others affected by the law, and involves the lawyers own goals, attitudes, performance, and sense of satisfaction.

expense of forests." The law schools function as the institution for "ideological training for willing service in the hierarchies of the corporate welfare state". In the ranking and evaluation of students, students learn to accept their place in a hierarchy which is presented as just and inevitable and "so prepare themselves for all the hierarchies to follow". In the law teachers modeling of hierarchical relationships with students, colleagues, secretaries and support staff, students learn a particular style of

condescension towards perceived inferiors and deference towards perceived superiors. And under the subtle but intense pressure to conform to the "white, male, middleclass tone" set by law faculties which are overwhelmingly white, male, and middleclass, law students adapt, "partly out of fear, partly out of hope of gain, partly out of genuine admiration for their role models". …… 此处隐藏：3581字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……