法律英语-何家弘(11)

criminal law or of the ordinary civil law as administered by courts. The scholarly view of administrative law has grown, with government, to embrace almost all subjects that can be connected with public administration. Although criminal trials are excluded, many assert that it embraces the exercise of discretion by police officers and prosecutors. Although it excludes an action initiated by the government in federal court to collect a simple debt, it would include that action if begun within an executive body and later brought before courts for enforcement or review. One might have said at the outset that it was subconstitutional in character, concerned with statutory and customary arrangements of government; yet as the preceding pages make plain, constitutional issues respecting governmental structure and conduct are now important concerns.

在法律制度中，“行政法”的范围如此之广是毫不奇怪的。在本世纪初公共管理职能增长的时候，学者们就提出了这一概念。由于与其所寻求获得的发展一样难以控制，他对所有那些影响到私人而且不能恰当地适用于任何现有法律分析结构（如法院所使用的刑法或普通民法分析结构）的政府行为来说是一个百宝箱。学者关于行政法的观点已经随着政府（的扩大而）发展，几乎囊括了所有能够与公共管理联系起来的方面。尽管不包括刑事审判，但许多人认为它包括警察和检察官对其自由裁量权的行使。它虽然不包括政府在联邦法院提起的收回简单债务的诉讼，但如果这种行为开始于行政机关内部后来提交到法庭要求执行或审查，就包括这种诉讼。人们一开始可能会说它的性质是亚宪法性的，即与政府立法和习惯性安排有关联，但前文已清楚地表明，目前它所关注的重要问题是与政府结构有关的宪法性问题。

In the American framework, a focus on procedural issues provides an analytic structure for generalizing about the central tasks of administrative law: assuring the control as well as the effectiveness of government. Such a focus is needed despite the recognition that generalizations are made problematic by the diversity of agencies and agency actions, and the close relationship between the substance of any particular agencys responsibility and the procedures it will employ. Talking from the perspective of "administrative law" about the work of the Federal Securities and Exchange Commission (or of the Forest Service, or of a state public utilities commission, or a local building inspector) focuses on its procedures, rather than its particular substantive responsibility for implementing a certain part of federal (or state or local) policy. One assumes, initially, that all agencies employ certain paradigmatic procedures to accomplish their ends and that these agencies have paradigmatic relationships with overseers such as courts who review the end product of these procedures. These paradigmatic procedures and relationships can and do vary to meet the needs of particular situations. Consequently, in dealing with a concrete situation, one must always seek to understand the responsibilities and procedures of the particular agency whose work is at issue. Nonetheless, analysis usefully begins at the paradigms, which are expressed in procedural forms that are not directly a function of the particular agency whose work is under examination.

在美国的（法律）框架中，对程序问题的重视为行政法的中心任务的概括提供了分析框架，既确保政府（行为）的有效性又对其进行抑制。尽管人们认识到，机关和行政行为的多样化，以及特定机关的实体性责任与其遵循（使用）的程序之间的密切关系，使得这种概括很困难，但对程序的重视却是必需的。从“行政法”的视角来讨论联邦证券交易委员会（或者森林服务局，或者某个州的公用设施委员会，或者某个地方性建筑检验员）所关

注的就是其程序而不是其实施某一部分联邦（或州或地方）政策的具体的实体性责任。最初，人们假定所有的机关都使用一定标准（范式）程序来实现其目的，而且这些机关都与其监管机关具有标准关系，如审查其最终产品的法院。这些标准程序和关系可以而且确实在不断变化，从而满足具体情况的需要。因此，在处理具体情况时，人们必须不断地去了解涉案（其工作受到审查的）特定机关的责任和程序。尽管如此，一开始就进行标准分析还是很有用的，这种标准以程序的形式表现出来，而且并不直接是涉案特定机关的职能。

Part2

These paradigms are the focus of the following chapters. It would be wrong to anticipate them here in any detail. The remaining paragraphs of this chapter examine a variety of substantive responsibilities commonly given administrative agencies. For purposes of initial comprehension it may be useful to have the following sketchy models in mind:

这些标准主要是以下各章所关注的内容。在这里不宜过早进行详细讨论。本章下面几段考察了行政机关普遍应当承担的几种实体性责任。记住下列简要的模型有助于（对这些标准的）初步理解。

Formal adjudication: A proceeding strongly resembling a civil trial, conducted "on the record" before an administrative law judge or agency to determine a particular dispute. Formal adjudications are generally characterized by a strict separation of functions within an agency, so that staff responsible for investigation and presentation of the agencys position do not participate in the decision process. The results of formal adjudication are generally reviewed by courts with relatively close attention to the existence of factual and …… 此处隐藏：3637字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……