《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译(9)

(1)Product development. Product development includes not only the discovery and development of a new drug but also, for example, providing a new longer-active anti-oxidant additive to an automobile engine oil. Development such as this have enabled servicing intervals to increase during the last decade from 3000 to 6000 to 9000 and now to 12000 miles. Note that most purchasers of chemicals acquire them for the effects that they produce i.e. a specific use. Teflon, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), may be purchased because it imparts a non-stick surface to cooking pots and pans, thereby making them easier to clean.

(1)产品开发。产品开发不仅包括一种新药的发明和生产，还包括，比如说，给一种汽车发动机提供更长时效的抗氧化添加剂。这种开发的产品已经使（发动机）的服务期限在最近的十年中从3000英里提高到6000、9000现在已提高到12000英里。请注意，大部分的买家所需要的是化工产品能创造出来的效果，亦即某种特殊的用途。Tdflon，或称聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）被购买是因为它能使炒菜锅、盆表面不粘，易于清洗。

(2) Process development. Process development covers not only developing a manufacturing process for an entirely new product but also a new process or route for an existing product. The push for the latter may originate for one or more of the following reasons: availability of new technology, change in the availability and/or cost of raw materials. Manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer is an example of this. Its manufacturing route has changed several times owing to changing economics, technology and raw materials. Another stimulus is a marked increase in demand and hence sales volume which can have a major effect on the economics of the process. The early days of penicillin manufacture afford a good example of this.

（2）工艺开发。工业开发不仅包括为一种全新的产品设计一套制造工艺，还包括为现有的产品设计新的工艺或方案。而要进行后者时可能源于下面的一个或几个原因：新技术的利用、原材料的获得或价格发生了变化。氯乙烯单聚物的制造就是这样的一个例子。它的制造方法随着经济、技术和原材料的变化改变了好几次。另一个刺激因素是需求的显著增加。因而销售量对生产流程的经济效益有很大影响。Penicillin早期的制造就为此提供了一个很好的例子。

The ability of penicillin to prevent the onset of septicemia in battle wounds during the Second World War (1939～1945) resulted in an enormous demand for it to be produced in quantity. Up until then it had only been produced in small amounts on the surface of the fermentation broth in milk bottles! An enormous R&D effort jointly in the U.S. and the U.K. resulted in two major improvements to the process. Firstly a different stain of the mould gave much better yields than the original Penicillium notatum. Secondly the major process development was the introduction of the deep submerged fermentation process. Here the fermentation takes place throughout the broth, provided sterile air is constantly, and vigorously, blown through it. This has enabled the process to be scaled up enormously to modern stainless steel fermenters having a capacity in excess of 50000 liters. It is salutary to note that in the first world war (1914～1919) more soldiers died from septicemia of their wounds than were actually killed outright on the battlefield!

Penicillin能预防战争中因伤口感染引发的败血症，因而在第二次世界大战（1939-1945）