《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译(10)

中，penicillin的需求量非常大，需要大量生产。而在那时，penicillin只能用在瓶装牛奶表面发酵的方法小量的生产。英国和美国投入了巨大的人力物力联合进行研制和开发，对生产流程做出了两个重大的改进。首先用一个不同的菌株—黄霉菌代替普通的青霉，它的产量要比后者高得多。第二个重大的流程开发是引进了深层发酵过程。只要在培养液中持续通入大量纯化空气，发酵就能在所有部位进行。这使生产能力大大地增加，达到现代容量超过5000升的不锈钢发酵器。而在第一次世界大战中，死于伤口感染的士兵比直接死于战场上的人还要多。注意到这一点不能不让我们心存感激。

Process development for a new product depends on things such as the scale on which it is to be manufactured, the by-products formed and their removal/recovery, and required purity. Data will be acquired during this development stage using semi-technical plant (up to 100 liters capacity) which will be invaluable in the design of the actual manufacturing plant. If the plant is to be a very large capacity, continuously operating one, e.g. petrochemical or ammonia, then a pilot plant will first be built and operated to test out the process and acquire more data, these semi-technical or pilot plants will be required for testing, e.g., a pesticide, or customer evaluation, e.g., a new polymer.

对一个新产品进行开发要考虑产品生产的规模、产生的副产品以及分离/回收，产品所要求的纯度。在开发阶段利用中试车间（最大容量可达100升）获得的数据设计实际的制造厂是非常宝贵的，例如石油化工或氨的生产。要先建立一个中试车间，运转并测试流程以获得更多的数据。他们需要测试产品的性质，如杀虫剂，或进行消费评估，如一种新的聚合物。

Note that by-products can has a major influence on the economics of a chemical process. Phenol manufacture provides a striking example of this. The original route, the benzenesulphonic acid route, has become obsolete because demand for its by-produce sodium sulfite (2.2 tons/l ton phenol) has dried up. Its recovery and disposal will therefore be an additional charge on the process, thus increasing the cost of the phenol. In contrast the cumene route owes its economic advantage over all the other routes to the strong demand for the by-product acetone (0.6 tons/l ton phenol).The sale of this therefore reduces the net cost of the phenol.

注意，副产品对于化学过程的经济效益也有很大的影响。酚的生产就是一个有代表性的例子。早期的方法，苯磺酸方法，由于它的副产品亚硫酸钠需求枯竭而变的过时。亚硫酸钠需回收和废置成为生产过程附加的费用，增加了生产酚的成本。相反，异丙基苯方法，在经济效益方面优于所有其他方法就在于市场对于它的副产品丙酮的迫切需求。丙酮的销售所得降低了酚的生产成本。

A major part of the process development activity for a mew plant is to minimize, or ideally prevent by designing out, waste production and hence possible pollution. The economic and environmental advantages of this are obvious.

对一个新产品进行工艺开发的一个重要部分是通过设计把废品减到最低，或尽可能地防止可能的污染，这样做带来的经济利益和对环境的益处是显而易见的。

Finally it should be noted that process development requires a big team effort between chemists, chemical engineers, and electrical and mechanical engineers to be successful.

最后要注意，工业开发需要包括化学家、化学工程师、电子和机械工程师这样一支庞大队伍的协同合作才能取得成功。