张剑黄皮书解析部分

② As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos

whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

该句子的主干是the modern world is populated by intelligent gizmos，宾语gizmos

后是两个whose引导的定语从句做定语：whose presence but whose universal existence 。

③ And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and

micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

该句的主干是there are robot systems，systems后是that引导的定语从句，破折号

后面的部分用来补充说明submillimeter accuracy。句首介词短语thanks to（由于，多亏 ）引导原因状语。

④ But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will

have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句，句首but表示对上一段内容的转折。主句的主

干是they will have to operate...and be able to make decisions...。破折号后是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句，其中goals指的是前面主句的两个并列谓语动作，后面还有that引导的定语从句。If从句中be to do结构表示一种愿望，可译为“要想 ”，又如：If you are to succeed you must be patient and persistent.（要想成功，就必须有耐心，有毅力），这种结构还可以表示安排（They are to marry next week.）、命令（You are to be back by 10 o’clock.）、禁止（Children are not to smoke.）等。

⑤ Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared

that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

该句子的特点是状语修饰成分较长。从despite开始一直到2010都是句子的让步状语，意为“尽管 ”，其中含有关系副词when引导的定语从句限定时间名词the 1960s and 1970s。句子的主干是researchers have begun to extend that forecast。a spell of意思是“一段时间”，It appeared that意思是“似乎，好像”，如:It appears that you have known the news.（你好像已经知道这个消息了）。

⑥ What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s

roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.

该句中的特点是插入语的使用。句子主干是What they found is that...，主语和be

动词间的插入成分是介词in+现在分词结构做状语。be动词后是that引导的表语从句，该从句其实是两个句子的糅合，即nerve cells are much more talented than previously imagined和human perception is far more complicated than previously imagined，句子通过破折号的方式把两个句子共同的部分省略掉了。

⑦ But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately

disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

该句子关键要把握其结构上对几个动词的处理：the human mind can glimpse...and