技术报告-尾矿库设计及评估 (英文)

Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1

2. OVERVIEW OF TAILINGS DISPOSAL .............................................. 3

2.1 Methods for Tailings Disposal ................................................... 4

2.2 Types of Impoundments ........................................................ 5

2.2.1 Valley Impoundments ................................................. 7

2.2.2 Ring-Dike Impoundments .............................................. 12

2.2.3In-Pit Impoundments.................................................. 14

2.2.4 Specially Dug Pit Impoundment Design ................................... 14

3. TAILINGS IMPOUNDMENT DESIGN ............................................... 15

3.1 Basic Design Concepts ......................................................... 15

3.2 Design Variables .............................................................. 17

3.2.1 Tailings-Specific Factors ............................................... 17

3.2.2 Site-Specific Factors .................................................. 18

4. EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION, STABILITY, AND FAILURE ....................... 22

4.1 Embankment Construction ...................................................... 22

4.2 Construction Methods .......................................................... 23

4.2.1 Construction Using Tailings Material ..................................... 23

4.2.2 Upstream Method ..................................................... 25

4.2.3 Downstream Method .................................................. 26

4.2.4 Centerline Method .................................................... 28

4.2.5 Embankments Constructed Using Alternative Materials ...................... 30

4.3 Tailings Deposition ............................................................ 30

4.3.1 Single Point Discharge ................................................. 30

4.3.2 Spigotting ........................................................... 31

4.3.3 Cycloning ........................................................... 31

4.4 Stability Analysis .............................................................. 33

4.4.1 Flow Net Analysis .................................................... 34

4.5 Failure Modes ................................................................ 36

4.5.1 Rotational Sliding ..................................................... 36

4.5.2 Foundation Failure .................................................... 37

4.5.3 Overtopping ......................................................... 37

4.5.4 Erosion ............................................................. 37

4.5.5 Piping .............................................................. 37

4.5.6 Liquefaction ......................................................... 38

4.6 Performance Monitoring ........................................................ 38

5. WATER CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT .......................................... 40

5.1 Surface Water ................................................................ 40

5.1.1 Surface Water Evaluation .............................................. 40

5.1.2 Surface Water Controls ................................................ 42

5.2 Tailings Seepage .............................................................. 43