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According to the way they differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups:

a) Dialectal synonyms – synonyms used in different

regional dialects.

British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language.

方言同义词 － 用在不同地域方言中的同义词。 英国英语和美国英语是英语的两大地理变体。 示例：

英国英语 美国英语 Autumn fall

Lift elevator Flat department Windscreen windshield Torch flashlight b) Stylistic synonyms – synonyms differing in style.

Words having the same meaning may differ in style, or degree of formality. In other words, some words tend to be more formal, others casual, and still others neutral in style. 文体同义词 － 在文体上有差异的同义词。

有同样意义的词可能在文体上，或者在正式程度上有所不同。也就是说，有些往往比较正式，有些比较随意，有些在问题上则是中性的。 示例：

Old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent Start, begin, commence Kid, child, offspring

c) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative

meaning

There are words that bear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user, indicating the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. 情感意义或评价意义有所不同的同义词。

有着相同的意义却表达了使用者的不同情感的词语，这些词暗示使用者对他所谈论的事情的态度或倾向。 示例：

Collaborator 合作者/ Accomplice 同谋者，帮凶 Like, love, admire, adore, worship

Economical, frugal, thrifty, mean, miserly, stingy

d) Collocational synonyms – synonyms differing in their

collocation.

Some synonyms differ in their collocation, i.e., in the words they go together with. This is a matter of usage.

搭配同义词 － 同义词在其搭配上各不相同，即能和这些不同的同义词相配的词各不相同。 示例：

Accuse…of charge…with rebuke…for

e) Semantically different synonyms –synonyms that differ

slightly in what they mean.

语义上不同的同义词 － 同义词的意义非常接近，但却有细微差别。 示例：

Amaze 暗示困惑和迷惑 astound 暗示难以置信

Escape 意味逃离不愉快或者危险的事 flee 意味匆匆离开

2） Polysemy 多义关系

The same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.

同一个单词可能有一个以上的意义，这就是我们所说的一词多义，这样的词叫多义词。一个词越常用，它就越可能获得一个以上的意义。 示例：

Table 一词最初只有一个意义，很可能指一块石板或木板，这叫做其原始意义。后来它逐渐获得了它现在所指称的其它意义。

3） Homonymy 同音/同形异义关系

Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that word having different meaning have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.

When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.

When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.

同形异义是指意义不同的词有着相同的语言形式的现象，即不同的词发音上或拼写上，或者两个方面都相同。 两个单词在发音上相同时，叫同音异义词。 两个单词在拼写上相同时，叫同形异义词。

两个单词在发音和拼写上都相同时，叫完全同形异义词。 示例：

同音异义词： rain/ reign; night/ knight; piece/ peace

同形异义词： bow v./ bow n.; tear v./ tear n.; lead v./ lead n. 完全同形异义词：fast adj./ fast v.; scale n./ scale v.

4） Hyponymy 上下义关系

Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the super-ordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same super-ordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.

上下义关系是指一个具有一般性、包容性的词与一个更为具体的词之间的意义关系。

意义更具有一般性的词叫上义词，意义更为具体的词叫下义词。同一个上义词的多个下义词叫并列下义词。 示例：

上义词： flower

下义词： rose（玫瑰花）, tulip（郁金香）, carnation（康乃馨）, lily（百合花）, morning glory （牵牛花） 上义词： animal

下义词： dog, cat, tiger, lion, wolf, elephant, fax, bear

5） Antonymy 反义关系

The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning, words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.

反义关系用以指意义的相反。意义上相反的词叫反义词。

a) Gradable antonyms 分级反义词

Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. So it is a matter of degree.

一些反义词是级别上的对立，因为一对这样的反义词中间常有其它表示程度的词。意义相反实际上只是程度问题。 示例：