现代语言学(8)
时间：2025-04-23
得到
Condition principle, a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. This condition explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object.
毗邻条件。毗邻条件决定格分派，该条件要求格分派者和格接受者要相互毗邻。这一条件解释了为什么任何别的词组类型都不能插到动词和它的直接宾语之间。
19. The parameters of universal grammar 普遍语法的参数
Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. Set in one of the permissible ways, a parameter acquires a particular value, for example, a plus or minus value, which allows the grammar of a language to behave in a way very different from that of another language.
参数是普遍语法中的句法选项，它使广义原则能以一种或另一种方式进行操作并造成了不同自然语言之间在语言上的显著不同。一个参数若以某种可允许的方式设置，它就可以得到某种意义，如加或减的意义，这就使一种语言的语法和另一种语言的语法有很大不同。
a) UG is believed to contain a parameter wit the values (+ strict adjacency) and (- strict adjacency) set on the Adjacency Condition. With English-type languages, the Adjacency Parameter is set to the (+ strict adjacency) value, while for French-type languages, the parameter is set to the other.
普遍语法被认为包含一个参数，这个参数的意义是设置在毗邻条件之上的（加严格毗邻）和（减严格毗邻）。英语属前者而法语属后者。
b) Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality Parameter. This parameter offers a neat and consistent account for the typological difference in the word order within the VP category between English and Japanese. In English, VP → V NP while in Japanese, VP → NP V. 另一个参数与词序有关，它涉及格分派的方位，被称为方位参数。这一参数为英语和日语的动词词组的词序的类型差异提供了一个满意的、恰当的解释。
Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学
1. What is semantics？什么是语义学？
Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。
2. Some views concerning the study of meaning
语义研究的几种主要理论 1) The naming theory 命名论
It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
命名论是最原始的语义理论，是古希腊学者柏拉图提出的。该理论把词看作是该词所指事物的名称或标记。
2) The conceptualist view 意念论
The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the
mediation of concepts in the mind.
意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。
3) Contextualism 语境论
Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.
语境论以这样的假设为基础：人们可以从显而易见的语境中推知或归纳出语义。语境有两种：情景语境和语言语境。 语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义不是抽象的，它存在于语境之中，它来自语境，取决于语境。
4) Behaviorism 行为主义论
Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest. 语义的行为主义论和语义的语境论有相似之处，它也把语义放到语境中去研究，但它更注重人的心理活动，认为语言的意义存在于语言使用者在交际过程中对听到话语的反应。
3. Sense and reference 意义和所指
They are two related but different aspects of meaning. 它们是词汇意义的既相互联系又有所不同的两个方面。
1) Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.
意义关心的是语言形式的内在意义。它是语言形式所有特征的总和，它是抽象且脱离语境的。它是词典编写者们所感兴趣的语义方面。
简单地说，意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的意义。
2) Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the
real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.
所指是语言形式在现实世界中所指称的东西；涉及语言成分和非语言的经验世界的关系。
简单地说，所指是词汇在特定的语境中所指称的具体事物。
4. Major sense relations 主要意义关系
1） Synonymy 同义关系
Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
现代语言学(8).doc
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑
