得到

categories and six minor lexical categories.

所有的词都有某种属性，即词性。词可以分为主要词类和次要词类。主要词类不断有新词加入，它是开放词类，而次要词类是封闭的，因为这类词的词项是固定的，不允许有新词加入。

英语有四个主要词类和六个次要词类。 主要词类：

Noun (N) 名词：student Verb (V) 动词：like

Adjective (Adj) 形容词：tall Adverb (Adv) 副词：loudly 次要词类：

Determiner (Det) 限定词：the, a, this, his Auxiliary (Aux) 助动词：can, do, will Preposition (Prep) 介词：in, at, over Pronoun (Pron) 代词：he, she, us, mine

Conjunction (Conj) 连词：and, or, but, while Interjection (Int) 感叹词：oh, ah, eh

9. Phrasal categories 词组类型

Four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), prepositional phrase (PP), and adjective phrase (AP).

NP and VP are essential components of a sentence, comprising the subject and predicate.

Important note: NP just contain a noun, VP just contain a verb, PP just contain a preposition and AP just contain an adjective. 通常讨论的词组类型有四种，分别是：名词词组，动词词组，介词词组和形容词词组。

名词词组和动词词组是句子中最重要的词组，因为它们构成了句子的主语和谓语。

重要：一个名词词组只包含一个名词，一个动词词组只包含一个动词，一个介词词组只包含一个介词，一个形容词词组只包含一个形容词。

10. Grammatical relations 语法关系

The structural and logical function relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In English and many other languages, the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. Strictly speaking, this statement is true only in terms of the structural subject（结构主语） and the structural object（结构宾语）. The logical subject （逻辑主语）and the logical object（逻辑宾语） may have different positions.

语法关系是指句子中名词词组和动词的关系，其中涉及到主语和宾语的结构性和逻辑性。从结构上看，英语句子中的主语往往出现在动词之前，宾语往往出现在动词止回。这种置动词之前的主语叫结构主语，置动词之后的宾语叫结构宾语。结构主语和结构宾语只是句子的形式主语和形式宾语，而意义上的主语和宾语才是句子的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语。逻辑主语是实施者，而逻辑宾语是受事者。逻辑主语和逻辑宾语在句子中的位置可以同形式主语和形式宾语在句子中的位置相同，也可以不同。如英语被动句中的形式主语是逻辑宾语，而形式宾语是逻辑主语。

11. Phrasal structure rules 短语结构规则

The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule. 短语结构规则是一组句法重写规则。 Example 1:

S → NP VP. The arrow is read as “consist of”, or “is rewritten as” 。

The rule is: a sentence consists of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase.

在本例中，箭头读作“包含”或“重写为”。这样的规则就读作：一个句子包含或可以重写为一个名词词组和一个动词词组。 Example 2:

NP → (Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S)

A noun phrase consists of, or is rewritten as, an optional determiner, an optional adjective, an obligatory noun, an optional prepositional phrase, and/or an optional sentence. 这就是名词词组的短语结构规则，读作：一个名词词组包含或可以重写为一个限定词、一个形容词、一个名词、一个介词词组和（或）一个句子，其中名词是必须有的，其它是可选成分。 Example 3:

VP → V(NP)(PP)(S) AP → A(PP)(S) PP → P NP

12. The recursiveness of phrase structure rules 短语结构规则的循环性

Significantly, these rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties.

Although these rules are part of the rules and regulations of the grammar, they suffice to explain how language is “creative”, and how speakers with “finite” minds have the ability to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences. That is, the recursive property captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence and enables speakers to repeat syntactic constituents within the same sentence.

由于这些短语规则的循环性，运用它们可以造出无数句子，这些句子又可以是无限长的。

这些规则虽然只是语法规则的一部分，却足以解释为什么语言具有创造性，为什么说话人的记忆力是有限的，却能表达并理解无限的句子。这就是说，循环性体现了语言中的句子能够有更多的成分，并且使说话者能够在同一个句子中重复一些句法成分。

13. X-bar theory X标杆理论

NP/VP/AP/PP all must contain one obligatory word, we call XP. This means that XP must contain X, where XP stands respectively for NP/VP/AP/PP and X stands for N/V/A/P. The rule modified as: XP → (Specifier)X(Complement). X 标杆理论是将各种短语结构规则高度抽象地综合成单一的X标杆规则理论。根据该理论，短语由指示语、核心词和补语组成，其中指示语和补语可有可无，但核心词却不可缺少。

14. Syntactic movement and movement rules 句法位移和移位规则

a) NP movement 名词词组位移

NP-movement occurs when a sentence changes from the acti …… 此处隐藏：1876字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……