Abstract. The RAMpage hierarchy moves main memory up a level to replace the lowest-level cache by an equivalent-sized SRAM main memory, with a TLB caching page translations for that main memory. This paper illustrates how more aggressive components higher

mainmemory,6.25%ofthememoryismappedbytheTLB.IftheTLBhas512entries,theTLBmaps50%ofthememory.Bycomparison,witha128Bpage,a64-entryTLBonlymapsabout0.2%ofthememory,andabigincreaseinthesizeoftheTLBislikelytohaveasigni cante ect.

Thee ectonaconventionalarchitectureofincreasingTLBsizeisnotassigni cantbecauseitmapsDRAMpages( xedat4KB),notSRAMpages.Further,variationacrossL2blocksizesshouldnotberelatedtoTLBsize.4Results

Thissectionpresentsresultsofsimulations,withsomediscussion.Themainfocusisondi erencesintroducedbychangesoverprevioussimulations,butsomeadvantagesofRAMpage,aspreviouslydescribed,shouldbeevidentagainfromthesenewresults.Presentationofresultsisbrokendownintoe ectsofincreasingL1cachesize,ande ectsofincreasingTLBsize,sincetheseimprovementshaveverydi erente ectsonthehierarchiesmodelled.Resultsarepresentedfor3cases:theconventional2-levelcachewithaDRAMmainmemory,andRAMpagewithandwithoutcontextswitchesonmisses.

Theremainderofthissectionpresentsthee ectsofL1changes,thenthee ectsofTLBchanges,followedbyasummary.

4.1IncreasingL1Size

Fig.1showshowmissratesoftheL1instructionanddatacachesvaryastheirsizeincreasesforbothRAMpagewithcontextswitchesonmissesandthestan-dardhierarchy.(RAMpagewithoutswitchesonmissesfollowsthesametrendasthestandardhierarchy.)Ascachesizesincrease,themissratedecreases,initiallyfairlyrapidly.Thetrendissimilarforallmodels.

Executiontimesareplottedin g.2,normalisedtothebestexecutiontimeateachCPUspeed.Asexpected,largercachesdecreaseexecutiontimesbyre-ducingcapacitymisses,asevidentfromthereducedmissrates–withlimitstothebene tsasL1scalesup.Thebestoveralle ectisfromthecombina-tionofRAMpagewithcontextswitchesonmissesandincreasingthesizeofL1.Theexecutiontimeofthefastestvariationspeedsup10.7overtheslowestcon guration,paringagivenhi-erarchy’sslowest(1GHz,32KBL1)andfastestcase(8GHz,256KBtotalL1)resultsinaspeedupof6.12fortheconventionalhierarchy,6.5forRAMpagewithoutswitchesonmissesand9.9forswitchesonmisses.ForslowestCPUandsmallestL1,RAMpagewithswitchesonmisseshasaspeedupof1.08overtheconventionalhierarchy,risingto1.74withthefastestCPUandbiggestL1.ForRAMpagewithoutswitchesonmisses,thescalingupofimprovementovertheconventionalhierarchyisnotasstrong:fortheslowestCPUwithleastaggressiveL1,RAMpagehasaspeedupof1.03,asopposedto1.11forthefastestCPUwithlargestL1.So,whetherbycomparisonwithaconventionalarchitectureorby