过程材料

A supply chain is the stream of processes of moving goods and services from the customer order through the raw materials stage, supply, production, and distribution of products to the customer. All organizations have supply chains of varying degrees, depending upon the size of the organization and the type of product manufactured. These networks obtain supplies and components, change these materials into finished products and then distribute them to the customer.

Managing the chain of events in this process is what is known as supply chain management. Effective management must take into account coordinating all the different pieces of this chain as quickly as possible without losing any of the quality or customer satisfaction, while still keeping costs down.

(2)Logistics

Oscar Morgenstern implemented a basic suggestion for the origin of logistics as a science discipline in the economy. The essence of Morgenstern s theory in the article is (Morgenstern, 1955): “Logistics activity offers exactly defined quantities of assets and serves for each branch which needed these assets and serves in order with their intention to sustain branches at the same level in present or in higher position in the future.”

Logistics was as a science until the Second World War serving only for military purposes. After the Second World War, logistics became a civil science. After that time, we can find many different definitions. One of them is Cooper s definition (Cooper, 1993): the intention of logistics is to (at order, quantity, quality, space and time) carry out the transportation of goods for needs to supplement business processes. It is meant for planning processes, execution and controlling flow of goods, warehousing and also managing information from the production of goods to selling them to the final customer with the intention to fulfill customer delight.

(3)E-logistics

It is difficult to define E-logistics comprehensively because the potential impact of e-business on logistics and supply chain management is not yet fully understood. One possible definition is that E-logistics simply mean processes necessary to transfer the goods sold over the Internet to the customers (Auramo et al., 2001). Another more sophisticated aspect is that E-logistics are a wide-ranging topic related to supply chain integration that has the effect of eliminating intermediaries (such as wholesalers or retailers) and also fosters the emergence of new players like logisticians, whose role is to adapt traditional logistics chains to take into account the