2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题含答案解析(8)

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G冤Thestructural-transitioninterpretationoftheunemploymentproblemofthe1930swouldbethatthedemandforuneducatedworkersintheUnitedStateshadfallen,butthesupplyremainedhigh.Thehighschoolgraduationratewasonly8.8%in1912andstilljust29%in1931.By1950,ithadreached59%.Withanewgenerationofworkerswhohadcompletedhighschool,themismatchbetweenskillsandjobshadbeengreatlyreduced.

H冤WhattookplaceaftertheSecondWorldWarwasnottherevivalofa1920seconomy,withitssmallfarmingunits,urbanmanufacturing,andpluralityoflabourers.Instead,the1950ssawthecreationofanewsuburbaneconomy,withapluralityofwhite-collarworkers.Withanexpandedtransportationandcommunicationsinfrastructure渊基础设施冤,businessesneededtelephoneop-erators,shippingclerks,andsimilaroccupations.Ifyoucouldread,followsimpleinstructions,andsettleintoaroutine,youcouldfindajobinthepost-wareconomy.

I冤Thetrendawayfrommanuallabourhascontinued.Evenwithinthemanufacturingsector,theshareofproductionandnon-supervisoryworkersinmanufacturingemploymentwentfromover85%justaftertheSecondWorldWartolessthan70%inmorerecentyears.Toputthisanotherway,theproportionofwhite-collarworkinmanufacturinghasdoubledoverthepast50years.Onthefactoryflooritself,workhasbecomelessphysicallydemanding.Instead,itrequiresmorecognitiveskillsandtheabilitytounderstandandcarryoutwell-definedprocedures.

J冤Asnotedearlier,theproportionofclericalworkersintheeconomypeakedin1980.Bythatdate,computersandadvancedcommunicationsequipmenthadalreadybeguntoaffecttelephoneoper-ationsandbanking.TheriseofthepersonalcomputerandtheInternethaswidenedtheimpactofthesetechnologiestoincludenearlyeverybusinessandindustry.

K冤Theeconomytodaydiffersfromthatofagenerationago.Mortgageandconsumerloanunder鄄writers渊风险评估人冤havebeenreplacedbycreditscoring.Recordstoreshavebeenreplacedbymusicdownloads.Bookstoresareclosing,whilesalesofbooksonelectronicreadershavein-creased.Dataentryhasbeenmovedoffshore.Routinecustomersupportalsohasbeenout鄄sourced渊外包冤overseas.

L冤Thesetrendsservetolimittheavailabilityofwell-definedjobs.Ifajobcanbecharacterizedbyaprecisesetofinstructions,thenthatjobisacandidatetobeautomatedoroutsourcedtomodestlyeducatedworkersindevelopingcountries.TheresultiswhatDavidAutorcallsthepolarizationoftheAmericanjobmarket.

M冤UsingthelatestCensusBureaudata,MatthewSlaughterfoundthatfrom2000to2010thereal

六级2014.6要8