大学英语语法教程ppt

Introduction—Grammatical Hierarchy

导论—语法层次

Contents I. General Information about This Course II. Major Demands

Ⅲ. An Introduction to Translation IV. Assignment

I. General Information about This Course Tasks Learn some useful grammatical rules. Prepare for the further study of professional knowledge, such as linguistics, translation and other subjects. Contents Linguistic Knowledge Grammatical Rules (important parts: Chapter 2-5, 10-12, 16-22, 31-34) TEM 4 Practice Teaching Mode explanation +discussion + practice

II. Major Requirements Demands of Study Preparation: cultivate your linguistic and literaryquality Enough practice and exercise Timely review

Demands of Discipline

full presence classroom discipline Active participation in classroom activity

Grammatical Hierarchy Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English languages is organized into five ranks: sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents—morphemes.

Sentence

Clause

NP

VP

PrepP

Det

N

Aux Adv MV

Prep Det N

These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improving in their writ-ing

0.1 Morpheme (词素) Morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes.

1)Free morphemes (自由词素) 本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用 的词素 Examples: boy girl desk kind give take 2) Bound morphemes (粘附词素)

本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，必须粘附在自 由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素 Examples : anti-war Marxist unlucky postwar movement co-existence

0.2 Words

Word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways:1) Classification in terms of word-formation 2) Classification in terms of grammatical function

a) Simple Word (简单词) 又叫“单词素词”(morpheme word), 由单一自 由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如：at, by, foot, take, make 等 b) Derivative (派生词) 由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀 可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。如： unfair, nonsmoker, misjudge, overeat, international, belittle 等 c) Compound(合成词) 通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如： deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, downfall 等back

a) Closed Class (封闭词类)封闭词类指所有的功能词，包括: 介词 (Preposition), 如：in, of, on, without 代词 (Pronoun), 如：you, he, one, which 限定词 (Determiner), 如：a, the, this 连词 (Conjunction), 如：and, or, but 助动词 (Auxili

ary), 如：do,can, may b) Open Class (开放词类) 开放词类指各种实义词，包括： 名词 (Noun), 如：man, Paris, drama 形容词 (Adjective), 如：old, big, cheap 副词 (Adverb), 如：here, there, late 主动词 (Main Verb),如：work, give, make

此外还有基数词 (Cardinal Numeral),序 数词(Ordinal Numeral),感叹词 (Interjection)是介乎“封闭”与“开放” 之间的词类

03. Phrases

Phrase is composed of one or more than one word. Generally, phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.

1) The noun phraseThe noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. The general pattern of a noun phrase is: (determiner+) (premodifier+) noun (+postmodifier)e.g. all the college students his new book on phonology the tall boy sitting in the corner the author’s new novel that will soon come out

2) The verb phraseThe verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. A simple verb phrase is just a main verb or “modifier + main verb”. A complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+ modifier). e.g. She looks pale. It is getting dark. John will certainly object and so will Mary.

3) The adjective phraseThe adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is: (modifier+) adjective (+postmodifier/ complementation) e.g. The weather is fine today. The course is pretty difficult. You’re not careful enough.