12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽

Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.

13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：

apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；apply A to B将A 应用于B

1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.

2). I applied to him for a new job.

3). The study method doesn''t apply to everyone

Analyze the important sentences among the text

1. Well, it''s difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)

译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。

句子分析：it是形式主语，to answer this question是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms; inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。

2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)

译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。

句子分析：into which和from which引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意。

3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2)

译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。

句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。to a particular point是达到某一个特定的点的含义。

4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)

译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。 句子分析：这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so that表示如此 以致，是结果状语从句。 如：I''m so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.

5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)

译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。

句子分析：该句的主要结构为imagine .and you 事实上相当于if you imagine , you will have some idea .. 这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句= if引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!

另外，该句还有两个定语成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来修饰the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：

have some idea of sth对 有所了解

6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14) 译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。

句子分析：本句的核心结构为it is that的强调句型，强调时间状语only recently。词组：research into sth对 进行研究。

7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)