The Greek astronomer Ptolemy had developed this idea more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in space moved around the earth. Copernicus believed that every planet, including the earth, moved around the sun. He also believed these theories in 1543. These theories were not accepted in his lifetime. But by the early 1600s, other scientists began to develop the method that would prove Copernicus correct.

One of these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564. Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discover new information about the planet and stars. He decided that the theory hat all planets circled the sun was correct. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo for saying Copernicus was right. For centuries, the Church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth. Three hundred and fifty passed before the Roman Catholic Church admitted officially that it was wrong and withdrew its condemnation of Galileo.

Our fourth scientist of the millennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578. He discovered how blood moves in animals and people. Dr Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals, This work was the start of all modern research on the hart and blood vessels. Dr Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans. Dr Harvey's experiments showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries to the body. He showed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. His idea conflicted with the widely accepted ideas of the time. It has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.

Isaac Newton was another influential scientists of the past 1,000 year. Many experts say he was the most important scientist of them all. He was born in England in 1642. Isaas Newton invented a new kind of mathematics called calculus. He discovered the secrets of light and color and his theory of gravitation showed how the universe is held together. Isaac Newton published his discoveries on the laws of motion and the theory of gravitation in 1687 in his book The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It was the first book to describe a unified system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the universe. It is considered one of the greatest works in the history of science.

Part III - A

1809, evolution

France, a. Pasteurization, b. Germ, c.vaccination, disease

1847, a.motion, b. recording, c. electric light, d. Telephone, e. Machine, electricity, f.motors

Austria, a. Dreams, unconscious self, b. Modern psychiatry. C.sexual development 1879, relativity, E=mc2

Part III - B

T. 1. Charles Darwin thought that all living things developed from simple organisms. F. 2. Darwins's ideas were strongly opposed by many religious people in the past. But