注会-会计英语讲义

会计英语基础讲义

会计英语讲解

Accounting

一、主要专业术语和基本概念

1. Financial reporting（财务报告）includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprise’s accounting system----that is, information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations, earnings, etc.

2. Objectives of financial reporting：财务报告的目标

Financial reporting should：

(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.

(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows.

(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.

3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设

(1) Economic entity assumption 会计主体假设

This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.

(2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设

This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.

This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.

This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.

(3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设

This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.

The most typical time segment = Calendar Year

Next most typical time segment = Fiscal Year

(4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设

This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.

In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.

This assumption provides support for the "Historical Cost" principle.

4. Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计