The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation prim(19)

togivetheprocessingofL2primesmoreofaheadstartovertheL1targetsinalexicaldecisiontask(e.g.,Jiang,1999).Thefactthatthisprocedurefailedtoproduceprimingsuggestedthatthemaskwasirrelevant,butwecannowsaythatthisfailurewasprobablyduetothenatureofthelexicaldecisiontask.Thus,itmightbethecasethatinasemanticcategorizationtask,extratimefortheprocessingoftheprimeisrequiredwhentheoverlapbetweentheprimeandtargetispurelysemanticorconceptualinnature.

Within-L2maskedrepetitionpriming

The nalpointthatweconsiderherehastodowithwithin-L2maskedrepetitionpriming,whichhasbeenobservedtobequiterobust(e.g.,Gollanetal.,1997;Ji-ang,1999;andExperiment2inthepresentstudy).OneofthestrengthsoftheSenseModelliesinitsabilitytopro-videasingleaccountofthemaskedtranslationprimingasymmetryandwithin-L2repetitionpriming.Accordingtothisaccount,therearenoweakconnectionsandsothemaskedL2stimulusservestoactivateitscorrespondingL2lexicalrepresentation,whichservestoactivateitslexicalsemanticrepresentation.Aswehavealreadyar-gued,whenthetargetsareinL1,theproportionofthetargetÕslexicalsemanticrepresentationactivatedbytheL2primemaybeinsu cienttoproduceanoticeablepriminge ect.However,whenthetargetsarerepetitionsoftheL2prime,thetarget,byvirtueofsharingthesameorthographicandlexicalsemanticrepresentations,willalreadyhavebeenpreactivatedbytheprime.Thisshouldleadtoveryrobustpriminge ects—anditdoes.

ternof ndingswasinterpretedtosuggestthatpreviousaccountsoftheasymmetry,whichhaveproposedthatweakL2form–meaningconnectionsconstitutealimitingfactorintranslationpriming,cannotbecorrect.Alter-natively,wehaveproposedtheSenseModel.ThismodelattributesthetranslationprimingasymmetryinlexicaldecisiontothenaturalconsequenceofarepresentationalasymmetrybetweenL1andL2lexicalsemanticrepre-sentationsandclaimsthatsemanticcategorizationin-troducesa lteringprocess,whichservestoeliminatetherepresentationalasymmetry.Wetestedtheseclaimsdirectlybyrecreatingtheassumedrepresentationalasymmetrywithwithin-languagewordpairs(e.g.,‘‘skull–HEAD’’),inwhichonehadmanysenses(HEAD)andonehadonlyoneortwosenses(skull).Usingthesewordpairs,wereproducedthesamepatternofprimingfoundbe-tweentranslationequivalents.Thatis,many-sensewordsprimedfew-sensewordsinlexicaldecisionandsemanticcategorization,butthesamewordpairsinthefew-sensetomany-sensedirectionproducedprimingonlyinsemanticcategorization,notlexicaldecision.Theseresults,paral-lelingdirectlythoseobservedintranslationpriming,providestrongsupportfortheassumptionsoftheSenseModel.

Acknowledgments

Theauthorsgratefullyacknowledgesupportforthisresearchfromanumberofsources,includingtheFacultySmallGrantsProgram(O ceoftheVicePresidentforResearchandGraduateStudies,inconjunctionwiththeUniversityofArizonaFoundation),GrantNIDCDDC-01409(aspartoftheNationalCenterforNeurogenicCommunicationDisorders,UniversityofArizona),andtheCognitiveScienceProgram,UniversityofArizona.WewouldalsoliketothankJonathanGrainger,JudithKroll,TamarGollan,MerrillGarrett,andAlbertCostaaswellastwoanonymousreviewersforhelpfulcom-mentsandsuggestionsonanearlierdraftofthispaper.

Conclusion

Theresultsreportedinthepresentpaperprovideevi-denceofataskdi erenceinmaskedtranslationprimingintheL2–L1direction,withprimingbeingobservedinse-manticcategorizationbutnotlexicaldecision.Thispat-

AppendixAExperimentalitemsusedinExperiment1a

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ArelativePartofthehumanbodyAkindofmetal

20M.Finkbeineretal./JournalofMemoryandLanguage51(2004)1–22

AppendixA(continued)

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Unitoftime

Readingmaterial

Ascience

AppendixB.ExperimentalitemsusedinExperiment4AppendixB(continued)

Onesense

ManysenseSTONEDOCKARMFOOTLONGDOGCATWINDBAG

STREAMFLYFASTMean

#ofsensesformany-sensewords

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