3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to simply all good or all bed.

反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic 现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the

century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic

classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种

经济阶层人物的真正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by

heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in

death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，

宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,

Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.

6、 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the

irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，

①

②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.

不加一分，不减一分，百分之百描写现实。

③中央视角：an objective point of view

二、代表作家：

1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼

无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚

②―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass‖are about man and nature.

③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual

④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。

2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森

①作品： ―I died for Beauty‖ 我为美而死（诗歌）

Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same

―Because I could not stop for Death‖我不能等候死神

Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first

lines.

3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century

代表作：―Uncle Tom’s Cabin‖汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system

4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作―Adventures of Huckleberry Finn‖哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点：地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local

character of a region.

③contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受

④代表作：―The Gilded Age‖70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。

―The Adventures of Tom Sawyer‖用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写

―Life on the Mississippi‖

5、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说

①特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and

interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and

colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语.

②代表作：―The Four Million‖《四百万》 小说集 、―The Gift of the Magi‖《麦琪的礼物》 单部小说

★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育

①心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods,

in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary