23. ―Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖―回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。‖

24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《瓦尔登》。

25. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.总的说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格，堪称―美国学者‖。

26. ―Nature‖-the essay discusses the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment. In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.―论自然‖----全书讨论对自然的爱，对自然的利用，对自然的理性主义哲学，物质宇宙里的精神证据，人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。

(III) Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔·霍桑

27. The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情节简单，但内容感人。

28. According to Hawthorne, ―There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but

circumstances may rouse it to activity.‖霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。

29. ―The Birthmark‖ drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。

30. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。

31. Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的，必然向上帝赎罪。

32. Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in ―Young Goodman Brown.‖霍桑擅长隐喻，像《小伙子布朗》一样，他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。

33. The scarlet letter A is ambiguous. And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。

(IV) Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼

34. His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情，开创一种新的诗歌传统，抒发独特的自我。

35. The poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic ―en-masse‖ of

America, which is established in the opening lines of ―Song of Myself.‖诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。

36. As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为，诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。

37. In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时，惠特曼强调了我的物理存在和性爱。

38. Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic ―I‖.他的诗总用第一人称。

39. ―Song of Myself‖- In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人类个别性和平等性。 (V) Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

40. Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。

41. Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》最好，达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。

42. Moby Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。

43. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。

44. The Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick,

symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船佩阔德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也很美丽。但对埃哈布，白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙，隐藏着未知和神秘。

45. Melville’s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华，创造才华，心理分析能力，观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。

【美国】Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

1. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

2. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。