What makes wines different(4)

让你认识红酒的与众不同,为喜欢红酒的人提供多一个方面了解红酒

gravel or chalk, which drain water away quickly. In regions where there is insufficient rainfall, such as many parts of the New World, irrigation is essential if the vine is to survive.水分可来源于雨水，土地或者灌溉。太多的水分会引起葡萄发胀。虽然充足的水分会有更大的产量，但是葡萄香味和糖分会被稀释，葡萄酒酒精度下降，口感变差。在高降雨量的地区，例如欧洲，最好的葡萄园一般位于山坡或碎石土地上，这样易于排水。在雨水不足的地区，例如新世界的大部分地区，就需要灌溉以维持葡萄生长。

Grape Growing 葡萄生长

Over the course of the vineyard year, the two main factors affecting the quality and style of the raw grape material are the degree of care that is taken in the vineyard, and control of yields. 在葡萄生产过程中，有两个影响葡萄质量和风味的主要因素——葡萄种植水平和产量控制。

There are many vineyard activities that can help grapes ripen fully, at the same time. These include careful pruning, controlling the number of bunches of grapes on each vine, and careful positioning of the leaves to increase or lower the temperature of the grape bunches, or their degree of exposure to sunlight. The other extreme is minimal pruning and maximum mechanisation, which is only appropriate in regions with suitably large, flat vineyards. 同时有许多方式可以帮助葡萄充分成熟。包括仔细的修剪，每颗葡萄藤的葡萄串数量控制以及叶片位置以增加或减少葡萄串的温度，或者接受阳光时间的长短。这些都只在足够大，足够平整的葡萄园里适用。

Yields also have an effect on quality. Lower yields generally result in riper grapes with more concentrated flavours, but controlling yields by limiting the number of grape bunches takes time. Also, because the crop is smaller, each kilogram costs more to grow and will have to sell for a higher price if the effort is to be worthwhile. The other extreme is to

maximise yields using irrigation to fill the grapes with water, with the result that flavours and sugars are diluted. The resulting wine will be cheap, but probably not very interesting. Most wines lie somewhere between these two extremes.产量同样对质量有影响。低产量往往会让更加成熟的葡萄有更集中的风味，但是控制一定的葡萄串数量需要花费时间。而且，以为产量减小，每公斤需要的成本就提高了，这样卖出的价格也必须相应提高以维持利润。另一个极端是通过灌溉使葡萄产量最大化，而其结果是葡萄香味和糖分减少。这样的酒只能卖出低价，但往往不受人喜爱。大部分的葡萄酒都处于此两个极端中间。

Many pests and diseases are bad for the production of healthy grapes: 许多的害虫和疾病都对健康葡萄的生长有害：

Animal pests (including birds and insects) can damage shoots, buds, leaves, and may also eat the grapes. 动物害虫（包括鸟类和昆虫）会破坏葡萄嫩枝，芽，叶子还会直接吃掉葡萄。 Attacks of fungal diseases such as mildew or rot can damage green parts of the vine as well as leading to spoiled grapes. 真菌类疾病的侵袭例如霉变或腐烂或破坏葡萄藤绿色的部分，并直接导致坏死的葡萄。 Long-term diseases caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses can affect the health of the vine, reducing yields and

inhibiting ripening. Some eventually lead to the death of the vine. 由真菌或病毒引起的长期疾病会影响葡萄藤健

康，减少产量并抑制成熟。许多最终都导致葡萄藤死亡。