肩膀能够负重，你父亲就肩负起家庭担子（have a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder）。有困难时，一家人就应该肩并肩（shoulder to shoulder），同心协力，克服困难。你可不要对家人态度冷淡（turn a / the cold shoulder to sb ），也不要对朋友严厉拒绝（give / show sb a / the cold shoulder），两个短语的意思都是不理睬或者冷落别人。

（二）Indian Sign Language

How would you talk if all your friends spoke a different language ?

Maybe you would talk by making signs the way that American Indians used to do .Long ago , when Indians of one tribe（部落）met Indians of another tribe , they had to make signs with their hands to understand each other .

There are some of the signs they made . Maybe you can make them , too .

When you are hungry , you move your right hand back and forth across your stomach .

When you mean “Let’s eat”, you cup（使成杯形）your right hand and move it up and down in front of your mouth .

When you have had enough to eat , you spread your thumb（姆指）and first finger（食指）apart , and move your hand from your chest to your chin（下巴）.

If you have a stomachache , you put both hands on your stomach , and move them back and forth .

1. In what situation would sign language be used ?

A. When the Indians met each other long ago .

B. When people don’t understand each other’s language .

C. When people who don’t share the same language want to make themselves understood .

D. When people do not make much noise .

2. Long ago , .

A. the Indians had spoken languages .

B. the Indians talked with each other with their hands

C. the Indians of different tribes used sign language to understand each other

D. the Indians preferred to use sign language rather than spoken language

of the following pictures shows that the Indian was full ?

above picture C shows that .

A. the Indian was inviting us to dinner

B. the Indian had a pain in the stomach

C. the Indian was hungry

D. the Indian had eaten enough

答案：

【思维体操】

请同学们阅读说明后把图和英文配对

WHAT DO THESE GESTURES MEAN？

The following gestures were used by actors in the 19th century . What did they mean , do you know ?

Match the actors’ speech to the gesture :

1. “Please , please , my darling never leave me …or I shall die !”

2. “Never ! How can you think that I would do such a thing !”

3. “I warn you , young man . If I find you doing that again , I shall punish you !”

4. “Of course , my dear , help yourself !”

5. “Please be sensible ! You must stop this stupid behaviour（行为）or you will lose everything !”

6. “I don’t care what I do .”

7. “Get away from me , you filthy, filthy beast（畜生）!”

8. “Of course !Don’t worry about it ! I’ll do it !”

9. “ I will finish my work even if it kills me !”

10. “I don’t agree with you . Now you listen to me !”

11. “Don’t do it . Please don’t do it !”

12.“Perhaps you would like to come for a little walk with me ?”

key:

11. L

三、智能显示

【心中有数】

从学习不定期式开始到小品词to的突破

我们在学习英语过程中，碰到了许多以to结尾的词。To是介词还是不定式符号，这是我们要特别注意的。本文试将常见的这些词组作些归纳。下面是根据高考英语《考试说明》而列举的一些常见的以to结尾的词组或短语，希望同学们从高二就开始把不定式的知识点牢牢掌握，并在学习中不断总结。只有这样，才能对不定式的运用游刃有余，在以后的高考测试中稳操胜券。

（一）、常见以介词to结尾的词组。

pay attention to注意、lead to导致、according to按照、object to反对、refer to参考，指、stick to坚持、refer + ing…to + ing喜爱……不爱……、belong to属于、add up to总起来，总结着、next to挨着、get (become、be) used to习惯于、listen to听、do good to对……有益、do harm to对……有害、help oneself to请吃……、be accustomed to习惯于、say hello to向……问好、in addition to除……之外、turn to翻到，求助于、look forward to盼望、set five to放心、devote…to …献于……

1. (MET’88)Mother us stories when we were young .

A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling

sb . be used to doing习惯于、sb . used to do过去常干、sth . be used to do被用来干……故选C。

2. (MET’90上海题)We’re looking forward to your country .

A. visiting B. visit C. be visiting D. being visiting

3. (MET’95上海题)She looks forward every spring to the flower lined garden .

A. visit B. paying C. walk in D. walking in

只要掌握look forward to中的to为介词，那么2选A，3选D。至于短语动词中的夹杂状语起修饰性并不喧宾夺主。如：

She found herself looking forward more and more eagerly to the holiday at home .

They looked forward very much to seeing him again .

（二）、常见以不定式符号to结尾的词组。

so as to以便做、It’s worth while + ing (to do )值得做、in order to目的是做、ought to应该做、be willing to乐意做、It takes sb . time to do花时间做、be anxious to急于做、happen to碰巧做、be eager to渴望做、It costs sb + money to do花钱做、be afraid to怕做、chance to恰巧做、be ready to准备做，乐意做、be so + adj + as to do如此……以致于……、be about to正准备做，将做、make up one’t mind to决心做、pretend to假装做、be + adj + enough to do足以做、intend do打算做、used to过去常做、be too …to do太……以致于、would / should love to很想做、plan to计划做、expect to期待做、prefer to do…rather than do宁愿做……而不愿做……

4. (NMET’94) Rather than on a crowded bus , he always prefers a bicycle .

A. ride , ride B. riding , ride C. ride , to ride D. to ride , riding

5. (NMET’90) Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job .

A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to

6. (MET’93上海题) Children at the beginning of this century a lot and themselves greatly even without television .

A. used to read …enjoying

B. used to read …enjoyed

C. were used to reading…enjoy

D. were used to read …enjoying

答案：

（三）、特殊结构中的to。

①to构成的短语作插入语。如：

to tell (you) the truth说真的、Truth to tell实不相瞒、to begin / start with首先、to be more exact确切地讲、to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之、to be fair公平地说，凭心而论、to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地……

②保留to去代表省略的不定式。如：

－Would you like to come to dinner tonight ? (NMET’94)

－I’d like to , but I’m too busy .

－Tom , do you plan to go skating ?

－Yes , we plan to .

③平行结构中的小品词to不可省。如：

To see is to believe . = Seeing is believing .

It’s better to laugh than to cry .

④介词to加名词频频亮相。如：

a monument to the heroes、a bridge to knowledge、a visitor to the city、answer to this problem、keys to the exercises、the entrance to / of a valley、the key to the door、the key to success、a traitor to one’s country、the passage to the room、the notes to the text…

⑤介词to与“情感、心理”相连。如：

to one’s (great) surprise / satisfaction / joy / disappointment / regret…

⑥奇怪的小品副词to。如：

I guessed from the hurrying to and fro〈来来回回〉in the house that something unusual was about to happen .

（四）、to是介词还是不定式符号，根据不同的含义而定。

to同意

I don’t agree to his proposal . (to是介词)

He agreed to help me two days later .(to是不定式符号)

to来；谈论

He has a lot of money coming to him . (to是介词)

He came to realize that he was wrong .(to是不定式符号)

to到达；逐步

When did you get to the station . (to是介词)

You’ll get to like the work . (to是不定式符号)

the / one’s way to在……途中；即将……

I lost my pen on the way to school . (to是介词)

She is on the way to see a film . (to是不定式符号)

to发生；碰巧

What happened to you ? (to是介词)

He happened to pass by the station . (to是不定式符号)

（五）、to后与名词、动词构成成语或短语。

go to college上大学 go to school去上学 face to face面对面 put to use利用 get to know知道…… go to bed上床睡觉 go to cinema看电影 sentence sb. to death处死…… come to a stop停止

【动手动脑】

To-infinitive , Infinitive Without To or Just To

英语中不定式有时候要加to，有时候不加to，有时候只要一个to把动词省去不用。到底该怎样正确运用不定式，有些同学对此感到束手无策，那么不妨做下面这些练习，定会对你有所帮助。

’t ask him to do that if he doesn’t want . (to do , do , to)

could do nothing but . (to wait , wait)

wondered whether (to go , go) forward or turn ,to turn) back .

what the teacher has told us . (to , to do , do)

this Tom didn’t know whether to laugh or . (to cry , cry)

6.－Would you like to go to the concert with me ?

－Yes , I’d like . (to go , to , go)

doesn’t have to get up so early as she used .(to , to get up)

8. I would rather (to walk , walk) home than (take , to take) a bus .

little child had no choice but . (to cry , cry)