MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾(6)

666L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667

Table7

SummarizingtheenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevariousstagesofMSWmanagementinTaiwanPeriod

MSWrapidgrowthperiod(1981–1989)

EnvironmentalmanagementtoolsValuablewasteisrecycledthroughmarketmechanisms;noenvironmentaltoolsimplemented(scrapcollectionsystem)Extendedproducerresponsibility(scrapcollectionsystem)

Recyclingenvironmentaleducation

ExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

Mandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsExtendedproducerresponsibilityRecyclingenvironmentaleducationCommandandcontrol

PlasticbaguserestrictionprogramMandatoryrecyclingbypublic

MandatoryrecyclingbywastecollectioncrewsMandatorykitchenwasterecyclingEconomicincentive

Volume-basedcollectionfeesystem

Achievements

None;MSWvolumegrowsbyaverageof4.7%annually

Firstrecyclingperiod(1990–1997)

AverageannualgrowthrateforMSWdropsto3%MSWvolumedeclinesby30%;dailypercapitavolumefallsfrom1.143kgin1997to0.806kgin2002.

Secondrecyclingperiod(1998–2002)

MSWzero-wasteperiod(2003–2020)

Forecasted70%reductioninMSWvolumefrom1998to2020.

6.Settinguprestrictionsontheuseofplasticbags(C&C).7.Implementationofkitchen-wasterecycling(C&C).

8.Introductionofavolume-basedcollectionfeesystem(economicincentive).TheVCFsystemreducedtheaveragedailyMSWamountfromthe3695tonsin1999to2649tonsin2002,resultinginawastereductionrateof28.3%andanincreaseintherecyclingratefrom2.3%to23.0%.4.Thewayforward

3.6.Volume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)system,beguninTaipeiCityinJuly2000

Thevolume-basedcollectionfee(VCF)systembeganoperatinginTaipeiCityinJuly2000.Thissystemman-datedthatwaste-collectionfeesbepaidbycitizens.Thesefeesrepresentapolluter-paysystem.Inthepast,TaipeiCityassessedwaste-collectionfeesbasedonhouseholdwaterusageatarateofNT$4(US$1=NT$32)foreachtonofwaterused.Althoughthissystemwasconvenient,becauseoftheindirectrelationshipbetweenwasteproduc-tionandwaterusage,itwasnotparticularlyfair.More-over,thefeewasnotreducedforthosewhoreducedtheirwaste,soindividualcitizenscouldnotbene tdirectlybyreducingtheamountofwastetheygenerated.Toeliminatethisshortcoming,theTaipeiCitygovernmentintroducedaVCFsystemanddiscontinuedthewater-fee-basedsystemonJuly1,2000.UndertheVCFsystem,citizenspurchaseanEnvironmentalProtectionBureau-authorizedgarbagebagforthedisposalofgeneralwaste.Thesebagsareeasilypurchasedatstoresthroughoutthecity.Penaltiesforthosewhomanufacturepiratedwastebagsincludepossibleprisonsentences.Citizensbene tdirectlybyreducingwasteandrecycling.Recyclablewasteisseparatedfromgeneralwastewhilegeneralwasteisdisposedofinthedesignatedwastebags.Thepriceof1kgpay-by-bag(mass-based)cur-rentlyisNT$0.45(US$1=NT$32)inTaipeiCityÕsVCFsystem.

TaiwanÕsgovernmenthascontinuedtosetnewpoliciesregardingMSWmanagement.TheseincludeimposingfeesforMSWcollectionandtreatmentafter2000,limitingtheuseofplasticbags,andimplementingkitchen-wasterecy-clingprograms.Theo cialplanistoachievethegoalof‘‘zeroMSW’’by2020.Therearestillagreatmanychal-lengesinthefutureofMSWtreatmentinTaiwan,asspec-i edbelow.

4.1.Plasticbaguserestrictionprogram(Begunin2003)Asameansofpromotingsimplerlivingandgraduallyalteringthethrow-awayconsumerhabitsofthepublic,Tai-wanchosetotryandreducetheuseofplasticshoppingbagsanddisposabledishes.Asustainable-resourceper-spectivepreferswastereductionwherewasteisproduced.Theplasticbagrestrictionprogramhasbeenimple-mentedpursuanttothe‘‘userestriction’’clauseofArticle21oftheWasteDisposalAct.Thisprogramrestrictstheuseofplasticshoppingbagsandplasticdisposabledishesoveranumberofstages.Itreliesprimarilyonincentivesandsecondarilyonsubsidiestoencouragebusinessestointroducereusableshoppingbagsanddishes.

TheprogramÕstargetistoreducetheamountofplasticbagsproducedandconsumedby20,000tonsannually,acurrentusage-ratereductionofapproximately31%,andtoreducetheamountofplastic(includingpolystyrene)dis-