MSW management for waste minimization in 台湾(5)

L.-T.Luetal./WasteManagement26(2006)661–667665

ofthewastereductionpolicythatbeganin1998,theMSWbudgetincreasedandtheamountofMSWdecreased,inspiteofthefactthatGNPgrowthslowed.IncreasedbudgetsandadecreasingamountofMSWattesttothegovernmentÕsdedicationtoimprovingrecy-clingduringthisperiod.

ThereasonswhythepolicyofMSWreductionwassuc-cessfulcanbelistedasfollows:

1.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw(describedinnextsection).

2.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwastecol-lectioncrewsinrecycling(describedinnextsection).3.Citizensbeganplacingtheirwastedirectlyintogarbagetrucks.Thetrucksstopatdesignatedpointsatdesig-natedtimes,allowingthepublictothrowwastedirectlyintothetrucks.Itwasthisnewmethodthatfacilitatedthesimultaneouscollectionofrecyclablewasteandgeneralwaste.Moreover,citizenscouldreducewasteontheirown.Thissystem rstoperatedinTaipeiin1996,andwasadoptedintherestofthecountryby1998.

3.4.Mandatoryparticipationoflocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrewsinrecycling

Since,thewaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgovern-mentwereresponsibleforthecollection,transportation,andrecyclingofTaiwanÕsMSW,theTEPAuseditsrecy-clingfundtosubsidizetherecyclingwork.TheTEPApur-chasedtherecyclingtrucksthatthelocalgovernmentsused.Thesetrucksaccompaniedthegarbagetruckssothattherecyclablewastecouldbecollectedatthesametime.Thenumberofrecyclingtrucksoperatedbythelocalgov-ernmentwaste-collectioncrewswas2050in2002.Thelocalgovernmentshadsetup263storagesitesforrecyclablewaste.Eachlocalgovernmentdispatchedthecrewstopickuptherecyclablewastetwiceaweek.Theamountofrecy-clablewastecollectedbythewaste-collectioncrewsoflocalgovernmentwas584,330tonsin2001,whichamountedtomorethan55%ofthetotalrecyclingamount(seeTable6).3.5.Theevaluationofmanagementpolicyindi erentstagesofMSW

Theenvironmentalmanagementtoolsduringthevari-ousstagesofMSWinTaiwanaresummarizedinTable7.NumerousenvironmentalmanagementstrategieshavebeeninstitutedinTaiwan.Thewastereductionandrecy-clingmanagementworkhasreliedonthem.Inchronolog-icalorder,themanagementstrategieswereenvironmentaleducation,EPR,controlandcommand(C&C),andtheuseofeconomicincentivestoachieveitsgoalofMSWreduction.Adetaileddescriptionfollows:

1.Thesettingupofnumerousrecyclingsitesandthepro-motionoftheconceptofrecyclingtothepublic(envi-ronmentaleducation).

2.Restrictionsontheuseofdisposabledishes,andencour-agementofthepublictodevelopthehabitof‘‘wastenot,wantnot’’topromotewastereductionandrecy-cling(environmentaleducation).

3.Collectingrecyclingfeesfrombusinessesandapplyingthemtocallattentiontorecyclingwork(EPR).

4.Mandatingthatwaste-collectioncrewsofthelocalgov-ernmentperformwasterecyclingandreductionwork(C&C).

5.Mandatingpublicparticipationinrecyclingandrefusingtocollectwastefromthosewhodonotcooperateinsortingandrecycling(C&C).

3.3.Mandatorywasterecyclingbylaw

Thelocalgovernmentissuedo cialannouncementstofollowmandatorywasterecyclingaccordingtotheWasteDisposalAct.TheActrequiredthepublictotakeitsrecy-clablewastetowaste-collectioncrewsorscrapprocessors.InaccordancewithArticle23,Paragraph2oftheWasteDisposalAct,peoplewhothrewoutrecyclablewastewithgeneralwastewouldbe nedNT$1200–6000(US$1=NT$32),andthewaste-collectioncrewscouldalsorefusetoacceptthesemixedwastes.

TheTEPAoncemorerevisedthemandatoryrecyclingsystemoftheWasteDisposalAct.Newamendmentsmadeitmandatoryforwaste-collectioncrewstorecycle12gen-eralwasteitems.Thewaste-collectioncrewswererequiredtosorttheserecyclableitemsandwereprohibitedfromdis-posingtheseitemswithgeneralwaste(seenextsection).Theearningsfromrecyclingwerethenusedtorewardtheorganizationgroups,communities,andcollectioncrewswhichpromotedtherecyclingprogram.TheprincipleofrewardsandpunishmentwastoencouragethepublictoparticipateintheimplementationoftheMSWsortingandrecyclingactivities.

Table6

WastereductionandrecyclinginTaiwan(TEPA,2003)Year

Totalrecycling(tons)

Recyclingbylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(tons)Totalrecyclingrate(%)

Recyclingratebylocalgovernmentwaste-collectioncrews(%)TotalMSWquantity(tons)DailypercapitaMSW(kg)

1996–––––1.135

1997–

106,201––

8,880,7791.143

1998426,793129,1554.591.25

8,880,4871.135

1999637,351215,8646.881.94

8,565,7001.082

2000855,675477,8569.785.75

7,880,6370.977

20011,055,055584,33012.727.47

7,258,2360.893

2002––15.50–

6,764,9680.806